Chapter 6 Communication and Network System

Chapter 6 Objectives
Define the components required for successful communications Identify the characteristics of data communications Identify various sending and receiving devices Explain communications applications Understand the various communications technologies
Next p.9.2

Identify uses of intranets and extranets Explain the purpose of communications software Understand the telephone network Describe commonly used communications devices Identify various physical and wireless transmission media

Communications
What are computer communications?
Process in which one computer transfers data, instructions, and information to another computer(s)
Communications system contains many types of devices (a) personal computers (b) notebook computers (c) Web-enabled cellular telephones (d) Web-enabled handheld computers
Next p.9.2 Fig. 9-1

a
c

a
e a d

(e) WebTV (f) GPS receivers

Communications
Effects on Individuals
Keeping in touch Getting information Minimizing duplication of work

Effects on Organizations
External database Sharing data files Electronic mail Bulletin board service Maximum utilization of resources

Next

Communications
What is needed for successful communications?
Sending device Receiving device

Communications device

Communications device

Next p.9.2

Communications channel

Communications
What is the primary function of a communications device? To convert digital signals to analog signals or analog signals to digital signals
analog signal Continuous electrical wave digital signal Distinct pulses that represent bits grouped together into bytes
Next p.9.3 Fig. 9-2

Characteristics of data communications Analog Signal Digital signal Frequency

the numbers of times the cycle repeats itself in a given time period affects the pitch of sound

Frequency Amplitude Shape

Amplitude
is the height of the wave form indicate the strength of the signal

Shape
sine wave or any variation of sine wave
Next

Phase
the term used to describe the timing of a wave form

Characteristics of data communications

Transfer mode
Asynchronous character by character start bit and stop bit parity bit low speed Synchronous block by block start byte and stop byte Error check bit high speed

Flow Direction
Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex

Next

Characteristics of data communications

Transmission rate
Baud rate = the no. of times per second that the transmitted signal changes Factors that determine the data transmission rate:
Method of data transmission Bandwidth
Next

Narrow-band channel Voice-band channel Broad-band channel

Sending and Receiving Devices

What is a sending and receiving device?
Initiates or accepts transmission of data, instructions, and information
mid-range servers

notebook computers mainframe computers desktop computers Internet appliances and Web-enabled devices

Next p.9.3

Uses of Communications Technologies What are some uses of

communications technology?
voice mail fax

e-mails

instant messaging

chat rooms

newsgroups

telephony

videoconferencing

Next p.9.4

collaboration

groupware

global positioning system (GPS)

Uses of Communications Technologies What is instant messaging (IM)?

1: Login to the IM server

2: Server checks if any established friends, family, or co-workers, called buddies, are online
3: Send instant messages to online buddy 4: Instant message travels through messaging server and then to online buddy

Step 1

Step 2

IM server

Step 3
messaging server

Next p.9.6 Fig. 9-4

Step 4

Uses of Communications Technologies What is a chat room?

Permits users to converse in real time via the Internet Types of chat rooms Voice chats Video chats Radio chats

What is a newsgroup?
Area on the Web where users conduct written discussions about a particular subject Also called threaded discussion

What is Internet telephony?

Next p.9.6 Fig. 9-5

Enables you to talk to other people over the Internet

What is collaboration?

Uses of Communications Technologies

chat room

Working with other users connected to a server You can conduct online meetings Allows you to everyone share in online meeting documents can see with others in and edit real time document Microsofts NetMeeting allows collaboration
NetMeeting window
Next p.9.9 Fig. 9-7

What is groupware?

Uses of Communications Technologies

Software application that helps groups of people work together on projects and share information over a network
Lotus Notes Microsoft Exchange

communicate

manage projects
Next p.9.10

schedule meetings

make group decisions

What is a global positioning system (GPS)?

1: GPS satellites orbit the earth. Every thousandth of a second, each satellite sends a signal that indicates its current position to the GPS receiver. 2: GPS receiver (such as in a car) determines its location on Earth by analyzing signals from the satellites.
Next p.9.10 Fig. 9-8

Uses of Communications Technologies

Step 1

Where am I?

Step 2

Uses of Communications Technologies What is a Digital Angel? necklace lets

Necklace, bracelet, or receiver woven into fabric that communicates with another party using GPS satellite system Measures and sends biological information to Next satellite p.9.10
doctors office keep tabs on you in real time

Communications Software
What is communications software?
Programs that help establish connection to another computer or network

Protocols

Communication protocols

A set of guidelines Instructions that enable any to determine how two devices to exchange 2 computers data should communicate with These instructions are built Next into the hardware or each other. p.9.23 software

Communications Software
What is file transfer protocol (FTP)?
Internet standard that allows you to upload and download files to and from a Web server, called the FTP server
Next p.9.24 Fig. 9-23

files on the FTP server

files on your computer

The Telephone Network

What is the public switched telephone network (PSTN)?
Worldwide telephone system that handles voice-oriented telephone calls

satellite

Next p.9.25 Fig. 9-24

most of the PSTN use digital technology

analog signal

final link from local telephone company to home or office

analog signal

The Telephone Network

What is a dial-up line and a dedicated line?
Dial-up line is temporary connection using telephone line for communications Dedicated line is line always connected between two communications devices
Advantages of dial-up line
1. Costs no more than making regular call

Advantages of dedicated line

1. Quality and consistency of connection are better 2. Computer locations are fixed 3. Can be digital or analog

Next p.9.25

2. Computers at any two locations can establish a connection using modems and telephone network

The Telephone Network

Speed at which a line carries data and information Faster the transfer rate, the faster you can send and receive data and information Usually expressed as a measure of bits per second
bits per second (bps) kilobits per second (Kbps) megabits per second (Mbps)
Next p.9.26

What is transfer rate?

gigabits per second (Gbps)

The Telephone Network

What are popular types of digital dedicated lines?

Next p.9.26 Fig. 9-25

Communications Devices
What is a communications device?
Any type of hardware capable of transmitting data, instructions, and information between sending device and receiving device
cable modems

dial-up modems

Next p.9.27

ISDN and DSL modems

network interface cards

Communications Devices
What is a modem?
A device that converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa Transmission speed is in bps 56 Kbps 33.6 Kbps

What is a dial-up modem?

Communications device that converts computer's digital signals to analog signals and analog signals to digital signals ISDN and DSL use digital modem with a digital telephone line
demodulate
To convert an analog signal into a digital signal

modulate
Next p.9.28

To convert a digital signal into an analog signal

mo + dem

Communications Devices
What is a cable modem?
Modem that sends and receives data over cable television network Much faster than modem or ISDN Usually attaches to network card

Next p.9.29 Fig. 9-28

cable modem

Communications Devices
What is a network interface card (NIC)?
Card inserted into expansion slot of personal computer or other device, enabling it to connect to a network
NIC for desktop computer

Next p.9.29 Fig. 9-29

NIC for notebook computer

Communications Devices
What is a hub?
Device that provides a central point for cables in a network
hub

Next p.9.30 Fig. 9-30

Communications Devices
Multiplexing
Technique used in ISDN that allows one telephone line to carry three or more signals at once

Multiplexers Concentrators Front-End Processors

Next

Communications Devices
Multiplexer
Enables > 32 computers to communicate through one communication channel Combines all transmissions into a single data stream A single data stream is then sent over a single high-speed channel Next
Terminal A

Terminal B

Terminal C

Communications Devices
Frequency Division Multiplexer (FDM)
Divides the total transmission bandwidth into narrow bands called sub channels

Next

Communications Devices
Time Division Multiplexer (TDM)
Provides complete bandwidth to each user for transmission of data
Divides the channel usage into time slots

Requires a modem

Next

Communications Devices
Statistical Time Division Multiplexer (STDM)
Provides dynamic allocation of bandwidths among active terminals If one terminal is idle, another terminal transmit data Can accommodate two-to-five times more traffic using one communication line

Next

Communications Devices
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Prioritizes transmission based on the traffic of the input and output channels The most popular technique of multiplexing

Next

Communications Devices
Concentrators
A minicomputer that enables several computers to share a single communication channel When the communication channel is busy, a concentrator stores data in its buffer. Can be used as a hub.

Front-end processors (FEP)

Special purpose computer that is connected to a minicomputer or a mainframe computer It is used to control all communication functions It is used to relieve the main computer from its many communications-related functions

Next

Communications Channel
What is a channel?
Communications path between two devices

bandwidth
Width of communications channel

transmission media
Materials or techniques capable of carrying one or more signals

Next p.9.31

Communications Channel
Sending a request over the Internet
1: Sending device requests information 2: When request leaves the ISP, it travels over a variety of lines until it reaches Internet backbone 3: Request travels over T3 lines along Internet backbone
sending device communications satellite

earth-based stations
modem T1 lines ISP microwave station T1 lines T1 lines T3 lines mainframe computer Internet T3 lines backbone mainframe computer T1 lines T1 lines

4: Request travels over T1 lines until it reaches Next destination p.9.31 Fig. 9-31 network server

destination T3 lines network server

Physical Transmission Media

What is physical transmission media?
Wire, cable, and other tangible (touchable) materials used to send communications signals

Next p.9.32 Fig. 9-32

Physical Transmission Media

What is twisted-pair cable?
Transmission media used by telephone system and network cabling

twisted pair cable twisted-pair cable twisted-pair wire

Next p.9.33 Fig. 9-33

Physical Transmission Media

What is coaxial cable?
Single copper wire surrounded by at least three layers Often used for cable television wiring
coaxial cable woven or braided metal copper wire

Next p.9.33 Fig. 9-34

plastic outer coating

insulating material

Physical Transmission Media

What is fiber-optic cable?
Contains core of dozens or hundreds of thin strands of glass or plastic Uses light to transmit signals optical Advantage fiber core over coaxial: cable contains lighter many optical fibers thinner glass stronger cladding
Next p.9.34 Fig. 9-35

outer covering protective jacket coating fiber-optic cable between floors of a building

Wireless Transmission Media

What is wireless transmission media?
Send communications signals through air or space Used when inconvenient, impractical, or impossible to install cables

Next p.9.34 Fig. 9-36

Wireless Transmission Media

What is an example of a wireless local area network?

switch

Next p.9.36 Fig. 9-38

access point

Wireless Transmission Media

What is cellular radio?
Form of broadcast radio used widely for mobile communications

mobile telephone switching office (MTSO)

calling party in auto

cell cell

cell base station (microwave station) called party

public switched telephone network

Next p.9.36 Fig. 9-39

cell

Wireless Transmission Media

What is a microwave station?
Earth-based reflective dish that contains antenna, transceivers, and other equipment necessary for microwave communications Uses line-of-sight transmission Must transmit in straight line with no obstructions between microwave antennas

Next p.9.38 Fig. 9-40

Wireless Transmission Media

What is a communications satellite?
Space station that receives microwave signals from an earth-based station, amplifies the signals, and then broadcasts the signals back over a wide area to any number of earthbased stations
Next p.9.38 Fig. 9-41

Wireless Transmission Media

What is infrared (IR)?
Wireless transmission media that sends signals using infrared light waves Requires line-of-sight transmission Many computers and devices have an IrDA port that enables transfer of data using infrared light rays

Next p.9.39 Fig. 9-42

Summary of Communications
Communications Characteristics of data communications Sending and receiving devices Uses of communications technologies Communications software Telephone network Communications devices Communications channel Physical transmission media Wireless transmission media

Network Objectives
Define a network Advantages & disadvantages of a network Components of a network Differentiate between a local area network and a wide area network Identify network topologies Network communication technology Identify uses of intranets and extranets

Identify NOS and network expansion devices

Next p.9.2

Networks
What is network?
A group of two or more linked computers. To link computers in a network
connect using cables or wireless connection Install networking software
Next

LAN MAN WAN

Networks
What is a site license?
Legal agreement that allows multiple users to run a software package simultaneously License fee usually based on number of users or number of computers attached to network

Next p.9.11

Advantages
What are the advantages of using a network?
Sharing resources Sharing computer files Enables quick transfer of files Can communicate with multiple people simultaneously at high communication speed

Next

Disadvantages
What are the disadvantages of using a network? Expensive Special administration skill More open to security risks viruses, hackers, system fails Slower system
Next

Components
What are the components of a network?
Network Interface Card
Transmission media and shared resources Network Operating System Network Expansion Devices

Next

Components
What is Network Interface Card (NIC)?
Establish a link Enable computers to send and receive data over a network Converts data Control flow of data Has a unique number (address of a computer)

Next

Network Operating System

What is Network Operating System (NOS)?
Design for efficient functioning of a network
Administration Printer Management

File Management
Security

Next

Network Expansion Devices

Repeaters
provide strengths to a weak network by splitting network into multiple segments amplifies signals between two different devices only for devices with same protocol

Router
connect network with different protocols ensure faster communication by selecting the best path for data transmission

Gateway
act as an interface between network with different protocols interpret protocols into a form that is usable in other network connect LAN to WAN

Bridges
forward signals to destination computer connect similar network with same protocols
Next

Networks
What is a local area network (LAN) ?
Network in limited geographical area such as home, school computer laboratory, or office building

Next p.9.12 Fig. 9-9

nodes in network

What is a peer-to-peer LAN?

Small network that shares hardware, data, or information located on any other computer in network Each computer stores files on its own storage devices
Usually has < 10 computers treated at par Therefore, the speed of data transfer Next decrease when > 10 p.9.13 Fig. 9-11 computers are used

Networks
network operating system and application software installed on each computer

printer may be used by all computers on network

Networks
What is a client/server LAN?
Network in which one or more computers act as a server and other computers on the network can request services from server
Server provides services to other computers File handling Print services Task involves a lot of processing Ensure accuracy of data Store software application Client Doesnt need high speed processor
client client client

Next

p.9.14 Fig. 9-12

laser printer

server

Networks
What is a wide area network (WAN)?
Network that covers large geographic area Internet is worlds largest WAN
communications satellite

Locate networks within states or countries

Next p.9.15 Fig. 9-13

Networks
What is a metropolitan area network (MAN) ?
Backbone network that connects local area networks in a metropolitan area such as a city or town

Maximum 100 km
Next p.9.16

Networks
What is a network topology?
Configuration, or physical arrangement, of devices in a communications network Networks usually use combinations of three topologies

bus

ring

star

Next p.9.16

FDDI

hybrid

Networks Topology
What is a bus network?
Consists of a single central cable, to which all computers and other devices connect Bus is physical cable or backbone Inexpensive and easy to install
Next p.9.17 Fig. 9-15 personal computer personal computer personal computer

personal computer

personal computer

Networks Topology
What is a ring network?
Cable forms closed ring, or loop, with all computers and devices arranged along ring Data travels from device to device around entire ring, in one direction
Next p.9.16 Fig. 9-16

Networks Topology
What is a star network?
All devices connect to a central computer, called the hub All data transferred from one computer to another passes through hub

personal computer

personal computer

personal computer personal computer host computer

Next p.9.18 Fig. 9-17

printer

file server

Networks Topology
What is a Hybrid Network?
Combination of star, ring & bus networks Star & bus Star & ring

What is a FDDI network?

Next Fiber Distributed Data Interface A newer & higher-speed network Can transmit 200 MBps Use fiber-optic cable with dual counter-rotating ring topology for high-tech purposes : electronic imaging, high-resolution graphics, digital video

Networks
What are network communications technologies?
Specific combinations of hardware and software that allow different devices on several types of networks to communicate

Ethernet TCP/IP
Next p.9.18

token ring WAP

Networks Technology
What is Ethernet?
LAN technology that allows personal computers to contend for access to network Based on bus technology, but can be wired in a star pattern. Most popular Use Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) access method Access to network: transmit- at-will-basis. 2 transmissions collide, wait, try till get through Use coaxial cable: bus topology, unshielded twisted-pair Allow larger networks to be set up Next p.9.19 Fastest data transmission

Networks Technology
What is token ring?
LAN technology that controls access to network by requiring network devices to share or pass a special signal, called a token Device with token can transmit data over network Only one token exists per network Based on ring topology, although it can use star topology Use shielded & unshielded twisted-pair cable as Next communication channels p.9.19

Networks Technology
What is TCP/IP?
Short for transmission control protocol/Internet protocol Transmits data by breaking it up into packets Commonly used for Internet transmissions packets
Data divided into small pieces called packets

routers
Devices that direct packets along fastest available path

packet switching
Technique of breaking a message into packets, sending packets, and then reassembling data

Next p.9.19

Networks Technology
What is the Wireless Applications Protocol (WAP)?

Allows wireless mobile devices to access Internet and its services Wireless device contains client software, which connects to Internet service provider's server

Next p.9.20

Networks
What is an intranet?
Internal network that uses Internet technologies Lets company make information accessible to employees and facilitate working in groups Typically includes a connection to Internet
Next p.9.20

has a Web server

accessible via a Web browser

users can post and update information on intranet by creating and posting a Web page

Networks
What is an extranet?
Allows customers or suppliers to access part of companys intranet

customer checking package on Fed Exs intranet via the Internet

Next p.9.20 Fig. 9-18

Networks
What is a firewall?
Hardware and/or software that restricts access to data and information on network

personal computer

printer

personal computer

corporate network

personal computer

Internet

personal computer Next p.9.21 Fig. 9-19

personal computer

personal computer personal computer

firewall

Networks
What is a home network?
Multiple computers connected together in home

Ways to connect
Ethernet connect each computer via cable HomePLC (powerline cable) use electrical lines in house Phoneline use telephone lines HomeRF (radio frequency) wireless

Next

p.9.22 Fig. 9-20

Networks
What is an intelligent home network?
Extends basic home network to include features such as lighting control, thermostat adjustment, and security system
Next p.9.23

Summary of Networks
Definition of a network Advantages and disadvantages of a network Network components Network operating system Network expansion devices Types of network Topologies Networks technology