Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Iron Age: 1000 B.C.E 1B.C.E. Plastics Age: late 20th Century to current time Semiconductor Age: late 20th Century to current time
Materials
Types of Materials
All Materials
Gases Metals Ceramics Simple Liquids Solids
Polymers
Composites
Periodic Table
Invented by Dmitri Medeleyev in the late 1800s Many of the elements in the table were not discovered until long after the table was invented All elements are in their most basic form and cannot be simplified Table lists the atomic number and atomic mass The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus or the center of the atom The atomic mass is the sum of the masses of the protons and neutrons. Electrons weigh about 1/2000 as a proton. Carbon (C) has atomic number 6 because there are 6 protons in the nucleus.
Periodic Chart Organization Elements are divided into two groups- metals and nonmetals
Of the 120 known elements (including synthesize), approximately 81 are metals. 92 occur naturally in the earth.
Periodic Table
IA IIA .Groups
Atm # Symbol Wgt
B Groups
Lanthanides
Actinides
Periodic Table
Groups
I: Group 1 is also called the alkali metal group. These are strong metals that are unusually soft and very reactive toward Oxygen forming Oxides and water forming hydroxides of the metal. II: Group 2 is called the alkaline earth metals. These metals are not as soft as Group 1 metals. They also react more mildly with Oxygen to produce oxides of the metals and only react with water at temperatures where the water is steam. Groups 3-12 are referred to as the transition metal groups. These metals are not as predictable
Periodic Table
Groups 3B- are referred to as the transition metal groups.
These metals are not as predictable because of the shielding effect of the inner electrons. As for the "shielding effect" this refers to the inner electrons found in the transition state elements and the inner transition (rare earth)elements. These electrons had a tendency to block the electrical effect of the positive nucleus upon the outer valence electrons of those atoms. This shielding effect helps to partially explain the erratic placement of the electrons in the d and f orbitals relative to the s and p orbitals.
Groups 1A-2A and 3A-8A are referred to as the representative elements Group 7A is referred to as the halogen group Group 8A is referred to as the Noble gas group previously known as the inert gas group.
Periodic Table
The metals which tend to have their atoms losing electrons during a chemical change are roughly found to the left Group 3 Non-metals which tend to have their atoms gaining electrons during chemical change are roughly found in Group 6A-7A with some elements in the lower parts of Groups 5A. Metalloids which tend to have their atoms sometimes losing and sometimes gaining electrons during chemical change are generally found in Groups 4A-6A The Noble gases really belong to their own category since their atoms tend neither to lose or gain electrons. There are only a handful of compounds involving the Noble Gases (mostly involving Xenon).
As you proceed to the left in a period or as you proceed down within a group: The metallic strengths increase (non-metallic strengths decrease). The atomic radius of atoms (distance from the nucleus to the outermost occupied region) increases. Atomic radii are the distance between the outermost occupied probability region of an atom and its nucleus. The ionization potential (energy required to remove an electron from an atom) decreases. Ionization Potential is energy required to remove electron from atom. The electron affinity (energy released as electron is picked up by an atom) decreases. The electronegativity (the electron attracting ability of an atom) decreases.
Periodic Table
Metals
Metals
Largest group in periodic table. Ferrous and non-ferrous types Various alloys
Steel alloys, Aluminum, Mg, Ti, Ni, Zn, Cu Brasses, Cu, Zn
Metallic Nature
Strong and can be formed into practical shapes, Ductile with permanent deformation Good conductor of electricity and heat
Periodic Table
Applications
Pottery, brick, tile, glass, ovenware, magnets, refractories, cutting tools. Furnace linings and tiles for space shuttle due to high resistance to heat. Superconductivity applications
Types
Aluminum oxide, Magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride
Periodic Table
Polymers
Polymer materials are made up of many (poly) repeating units(mers). Polymers are mostly based in carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Some have Si, F, Cl, S Polymers are considered a bowl of spaghetti or a bag of worms in constant motion.
Periodic Table
Formation of Polymers
Polymers from Addition reaction
LDPE HDPE PP
H H C C H H
PVC
n
H H C C H H
PS
n
H H
C C
H CH3
n
H H
H H
C C
H Cl
n
C C
H
n
NH2(CH2)6NH2 + COOH(CH2)4COOH
Hexamethylene diamene Adipic acid
Polycarbonate
CH2
OH
C CH2
OH
+ nCOCl2
CH2 O C CH2 O
O
C
n
NaCl
Bisphenol-A
+ Phosgene
Polycarbonate + salt
All polymers made from either condensation or addition polymerization are either
Thermoplastic, heat forming Thermoset, heat setting
Thermoplastic bonds are covalent Thermoset bonds are covalent and crosslinked
Thermoset Chemistry
Epoxy Chemistry
Thermoset Polyesters
Crosslinking of thermoset polyester
Produced via condensation reaction.
The H on one monomer (alcohol) reacts with the OH on the other (acid) to form water byproduct and a new bond is formed linking the monomers. This repeats because each of the monomers has two reactive sites. The second site is a C=C double bond that is only active in addition reactions and is not involved in the initial reaction that forms the basic polymer. The basic polymer is a liquid allowing it to be poured into a mold for the crosslinking reaction to occur. Crosslinking occurs when styrene and an initiator in added to crosslink and polymerize the polyester. The resulting structure is characterized by principle chains of polyesters that were formed by condensation polymerization and then subsequently crosslinked using addition reaction often using bridge monomer (styrene). Analogy to this type of reaction is baking a cake. The cake batter is liquid polymer of low chain length and placed in mold (oven). As the cake heats up the liquid is converted to solid cake due to crosslinking. Demold and cools.
Natural Composites
Bone Wood Bamboo: Natures fiber glass due to pronounced fibrillar structure which is very apparent when fractured. Muscle and other tissue
Engineering Composites
Reinforced concrete beams Thermoset composites: Thermoset resins (polyurethanes, polesters, epoxies)
Glass fibers, Carbon fibers, Synthetic fibers, metalfibers, or ceramic fibers
SMC
Sheet Molding Compound: Polyester Resin and chopped glass
8-25 -98
M41_au 25
SMC
Sheet Molding Compound
SMC
Sheet Molding Compound
Semiconductors
Semiconductors are
Neither good electrical conductors nor good electrical insulators Able to conduct electricity intermediately Important section of periodic table
Si, Ge, Sn from column IVA serve as a boundary between metallic and nonmetallic elements Si and Ge are widely used semiconductors O, to Te and Zn to Hg are used with Si and Ge to form a semi conductor from groups in columns III and V (Ga As which is used as a high temperature rectifier and a laser material) or from columns II and VI (CdS which is used as a low-cost solar cell for conversion of solar energy to electrical energy) Some ceramics display semi-conducting behavior, e.g., ZnO which is widely used as a phosphor in color television.
Periodic Table
Ceramics can be made opaque (Al2O3) by having a change in the microscopic-scale architecture.
The structure can be made pore free for an opaque material.
Materials selection
Materials are selected for applications based upon
Cost of part (piece price) Material cost accounts for 50% to 90% of total part cost Mechanical properties Stiffer materials for load bearing applications (tensile modulus) Stronger materials for impact and bending applications Electrical and Thermal properties Shape Forming a material to a particular shape limits material selection Appearance Paintability, shininess, texture, smell, etc.