Optical Fiber For Optical Networking

Deployment of optical fiber in telecommunication includes:1. 2. Inter office trunking. Terrestrial long haul systems.

3.
4.

Loop feeders.
Submarine long haul systems.

Requirement of optical networking :1.Fiber must be capable of carrying more wavelengths over larger distance.
2. Higher bit rates

Optical Fiber Properties

1. Attenuation :- The components of attenuation
depends on
A.Rayleighs scattering.

B. Absorption peaks due to hydroxyl ions.

C.Bending induces loss.

D.Silica absorbs light at wave - lengths above 1.6 m.

Fiber Attenuation
Optical Signal power
L O S S in

-10

-20

Optical Signal Power Budget

Receiver Sensitivity
-28 -30

Dbm.
-40 0 10 20

Maximum Span Distance in Kms.

30

40

50

60

70

Application of Different windows in fiber

(a) Ist generation of system used multi mode fiber operating at 850 nm. wave length window. (b) 2nd generation of system used single mode fiber operating at 1310 nm. wave length window. Loss is less than 0.50 db/km (c) 3rd generation of system used single mode fiber operating at 1550 nm. wave length window loss is less than 0.20 db/km.

Continued.
(d) Todays optical network uses DWDM in 3rd window (the C- band near 1550 nm. )

(e)

Future commercial systems expected to operate in 4th window (L-band near 1600 nm. )

- 190 THz Cut - off wave length for single - mode fibre -

- 50 THz

OH

OH-

OH-

Wavelength (m.)
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

First Window Second Window Third Window

Fourth Window

Dispersion
Dispersion is the effect of pulse widening of pulse width, when the optical pulse is transmitted over long optical FIBER.

Dispersion determines the maximum

Available bandwidth Data rate in fiber system.

Dispersion
1

BER D i s p e r s i o n Fixed BER

Distance in Km

Max. Dis.

Dispersion
1 0 1 1

Time

TYPES OF DISPERSION
1. Multi-path Or Multimode Dispersion
2. Material Or Chromatic Dispersion 3. Wave guide Dispersion Or F.S.D.
The 1st two types of dispersion are applicable for MM fiber While 2nd and 3rd type of dispersion are applicable for SM fiber Chromatic dispersion and wave guide dispersion are depends on the R.I. of the fiber material.

TOTAL DISPERSION

TO minimize the total dispersion it is desirable to operate at wavelength greater than 1300 nm. to allow the small positive chromatic dispersion to get cancel the small negative wave guide dispersion. As a result net dispersion is zero. However current system are operating at 1550 nm. Because of 1. Low attenuation 2. Compatible with EDFA

3.

Compatible with DWDM

TOTAL DISPERSION

Zero dispersion Material dispersion

Waveguide dispersion Total dispersion

1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.40

Wavelength (m.)

 What is the need of Exploiting the media and the line terminal equipment for optimum capacity.

Types of multiplexing ?
FDM TDM DWDM
PDH SDH

PDH MULTIPLEXING
What is Frequency Division Multiplexing ? Prescribed Structure of FDM? Stage of No. of Chls Frequency Range hierarchy Channel ..1 1- 4 kHz Sub Group3 12 - 24 kHz Group.12 60 - 108 kHz Super Group60 312-552khs

PDH MULTIPLEXING
Super Master Group.900 Channel (312-4028 Khz) Band for Microwave Radio Channel 2 x Super Master Group (900 Channel)

PDH MULTIPLEXING
Band for 4 Mhz coaxial cable 1 Super Master Group (900 Channel) Band for 12 Mhz coaxial cable 3 x Super Master Group (900 Channel) = 2700 Channel

 In TDM there are two type of multiplexing 1. Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy 2. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

 What is DWDM ?
DWDM means on each wavelength we can transmit one transport digital structure.

PDH MULTIPLEXING
Prescribed PDH Hierarchies.
S. No. Order of Mux. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. First Order Second Order Third Order Fourth Order Fifth Order Bit rates 2048kbit/s 8448kbit/s 34368kbit/s 139264kbit/s 565Mbit/s No. of Channels 30 120 480 1920 7680

PDH MULTIPLEXING
8.448 Mbit/s ; frame length 848 bit: 100.4 us ; ITU-T G.742 10 2 200 4 208 4 208 4 4 204

1a 2a 3a 4a

1b 2b 3b 4b

1b 2b 3b 4b s1 s2 s3 s4

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 AN

A: Alarm Bit N: National Spare Bit : Stuffing Control Bit S: Stuffing Bit

Details of 8.448 Mbit Frame Structure

Frame sync signal y 1
#1

SET 1

1111010000x
C1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C2 C21 C22 C23 C24 C3 C31 C32 C33 C34 V #103 #51

#2

#3

#49

#50

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

SET 2

#52

#53

#54

#55

#101

#102

2 3 4 1 2 3 4

SET 3

#104

#105

#106

#107

#153

#154

2 3 4 1 2 3 4

SET 3

#155

#156

#157

#158

#204

#205

2 3 4 1 2 3 4

PDH MULTIPLEXING
Standard Principles of Multiplexing ? It conforms interfaces as per ITU recommendation G.703 Principle characteristic of Multiplexing or De-multiplexing as per ITU recommendation G.742 Multiplexing method bit by bit interleaving in tributary sequence

Coding HDB3 Remote Station Alarm reception Local loop back Remote Loop Back

Concept of Local Loop Back ENCODER

Elastic Memory at 2Mbit/s

DECODER

Elastic Memory at 8Mbit/s

Concept of Remote Loop Back

ENC.
Elastic Memory at 2Mbit/s Elastic Memory at 8Mbit/s Elastic Memory at 8Mbit/s

DEC.

Elastic Memory at 2Mbit/s

DEC.

ENC.

A Station

B Station

34.368 Mbit/s ; frame length 1536 bit; 44.7 us; ITU-T G.751 10 2 372 4 380
1a 2a 3a 4a

380

4 4

378

1b 2b 3b 4b

1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 AN

A: Alarm Bit N: National Spare Bit : Stuffing Control Bit S: Stuffing Bit

Details of 34.368Mbit Frame Structure

SET 1

1111010000x
C1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C2 C21 C22 C23 C24 C3 C31 C32 C33 C34 V #186 #95

Frame sync signal

y 1

#1

#2

#3

#92

#93

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

SET 2

#96

#97

#98

#99

#184

#185

2 3 4 1 2 3 4

SET 3

#187

#188

#189

#190

#281

#282

2 3 4 1 2 3 4

SET 4

#283

#284

#285

#286

#-----

#-----

2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Plesiochronous Hierarchies Frame Structures

139.264 Mbit/s; frame length 2928 bit; ITU-T G.751 12 4 472 4 484 4 484 4 484 4 484 4 4 480

1a 2a 3a 4a

1b 2b 3b 4b

1b 2b 3b 4b 1b 2b 3b 4b 1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4

1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A NNN

A: Alarm Bit N: National Spare Bit 1a,b,c,d: Stuffing Control Bit S: Stuffing Bit

PARAMETERS Frame alignment word : 111110100000 Alarm indication for far-end terminal Bits reserved for national use Bits coming from tributaries Justification service bits bits coming from tributaries

BITS ALLOCATION

SET from 1 to 12 13 from 14 to 16 from 17 to 488 SET II to V from 1 to 4 from 5 to 488 SET VI

Justification service bits Variable slots bits coming from tributaries Frame width Bits per tributary per frame Information bits per tributary

from 1 to 4 from 5 to 8 from 9 to 488

2928 bit 2928 : 4 = 732 bit 732 bit