Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
TOPIC
1) INTRODUCTION 2) ELASTIC & PLASTIC DEFORMATION 3) SLIP & TWINNING 4) STRAIN HARDENING
INTRODUCTION
Deformation :
Changing of shape of metal under the action of force Give desired shape
Deformed metals more superior than cast metal Operation of deformation rolling, forging, spinning. Materials may experience 2 kinds of deformation :
Elastic deformation
Plastic Deformation
Defined as process of permanent deformation &exist after removal of stress Takes place after elastic deformation has stopped
a) Original state b) Elastic deformation with vertical force applied c) Elastic deformation with diagonal force applied d) The beginning of plastic deformation upon a slip plane
Twinning
Due to change of orientation of a crystal with other
Twinned portion is the mirror image of the original lattice Atomic movements are over a fraction of atomic space. Require higher stress for atomic movements Occurs on every atomic planes involved in twinned region
STRAIN HARDENING
Defined as process deforming ductile metal to become stronger & harder. Also called work hardening or cold working. Deformation takes place at temperature that is cold relative to melting temperature.
Recovery Defined as process of removing internal stress in metal by heating it to a relatively low temperature (below melting temperature) Remove internal stress
not affect grain structure - hardness & strength Increase ductility
Does
During
cold working :
pile up at grain boundary
Dislocation
During
recovery :
number starts reducing & rearrange
Dislocation
Recrystalization
Defined as : Process of forming a new set of strain free grains in metal by heating it to a temperature known as recrystallization temperature. The new strain free & equiaxed grains: Have low dislocation density Characteristics of precold-worked condition Driving force : The difference in internal energy between strained & unstrained material New grains form as very small nuclei & grow to replace parent material Involved short range diffusion Take place through 3 process : nucleation Primary grain growth Secondary grain growth
Grain Growth Defined as process of forming strain-free grains larger in size by heating a metal to a temperature above recrystallization temperature. Recrystallization produces :
Strain-free
growth does not need to be preceded by recovery & recrystallization May occur in all polycrystalline material (metal& ceramic)
in total energy Grains becomes stable Driving force for grain growth