Sie sind auf Seite 1von 36

Cell Structure/ Mitosis & Meiosis

SE Shirley Dept of Pathology

Lecture Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: Describe the structural features of eukaryotic cells
Outline

the specialized structural adaptations of epithelial cells mitosis and meiosis, and discuss the roles of each in relation to the cell cycle

Define

The Cell
Basic

unit of structure and function in living organisms Derived from Latin cella little room First used in a biologic sense by Robert Hooke in 1665 German pathologist, Rudolf Virchow (18211905) credited with initiating the study of disease at the cellular level

The Cell
Eukaryotes:

e.g. mammals and other higher organisms - characterized by the presence of membrane-bound nucleus Prokaryotes: e.g. bacteria are nonnucleated Approximately 100 billion cells in humans

Cell Structure

Cell Membrane
Acts as boundary to contain cell contents Lipid bilayer; phopholipids and cholesterol Proteins are embedded throughout the bilayer

Cell Membrane
Selective barrier Transport Communication Recognition

Nucleus

Initiates and regulates most cellular activities Bound by inner and outer nuclear envelopes Contains:

DNA (genetic codes) RNA (essential molecules for protein synthesis)

Nucleus

DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix of 4 deoxyribonucleotides Complementary base pairing of adenine(A) with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) with guanine (G) Held together by hydrogen bonds Attached to sugar phosphate backbone Chromatin = chromosomal material = DNA, histones, non-histone proteins, RNA

Nucleus

RNA = ribonucleic acid


Genetic

information in DNA is transcribed to mRNA (messenger RNA) and translated in the cytoplasm (protein synthesis), with help of tRNA (transfer RNA)

Nucleolus

Sites of ribosome synthesis


Ribosomal

DNA is transcribed into rRNA (ribosomal RNA) precursor; further processed into ribosomal subunits which function in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

Normal cell

Cancer cells

The Nucleus in Disease


Hyperchromasia:

increased staining of the nucleus usually due to chromatin (e.g. genetic abnormalities DNA) Active protein synthesis = prominent nucleoli Nucleoli assembled from specific chromosomal regions (nucleolar organizer regions) which may be disturbed in cancer cells multiple/odd shaped nucleoli

Cytoplasm
Composed

largely of water Approx. 8% of protein High concentrations of potassium, magnesium, phosphate (osmotic pressure within cells is similar to that of the extracellular fluid) Membrane-bound structues = organelles Filaments and granules

Organelles
Mitochondria Rough

endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Cytoskeletal system

Mitochondria
Organelles

of energy production Products of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism are oxidized to produce energy Final product = ATP/adenosine triphosphate

Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus


Biosynthesis

and transport of proteins and lipids Flattened sheets or elongated tubules Content depending on cellular metabolic activity

Rough endoplasmic reticulum


Series

of membranes studded with ribosomes that are the site of protein production.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum


Series

of membranes without attached ribosomes that function in synthesis of lipids and processing of proteins (including steroid, carbohydrate and drug metabolism)

Golgi apparatus
Series

of flattened sacs and vesicles that functions in the modification and packaging of material synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum Examples: addition of sugars, proteolysis of proteins , sorting of macromoleciles

Lysosomes
Organelles

containing a range of lytic enzymes that are involved in the digestion of unwanted extrinsic as well intrinsic material Enzymes include nucleases, proteases, lipases, phosphatases

Cytoskeletal system
Internal

scaffolding: system of filaments and microtubules provides rigidity, as well as allows for movement within the cell (e.g. excretion of material) and locomotion
5 nm actin Intermediate filaments 10 nm - 6 main proteins which vary between cells Microtubules 25 nm tubulin
Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments
Cytokeratin-

epithelial cells Desmin smooth/skeletal muscles Glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytes Neurofilament protein neurone Nuclear lamin - nucleus Vimentin mesenchymal cells

Epithelial cells

Cover

body surfaces (skin) and line body cavities and tracts (e.g. respiratory, gastrointestinal)

Functional

units of secretory glands

Epithelial Cell Specialization

Cell surface projections


Cilia:

facilitate transport along cell surface Microvilli: increase surface area for absorption

Secretory adaptations
Well

developed ER and Golgi apparatus

Cell junctions

Cell junctions

Specialized junctional areas between epithelial cells allow for: Adherence to each other Communication channels Three types of junction: Occludens type/tight junction (barrier) Nexus/gap junction (2nm; communication) Adherens type (20nm; adhesion)

Mitosis & Meiosis

MITOSIS
Mechanism

of cell division leading to the production of two daughter cells with exactly the same number of chromosomes and DNA content as parent cell number of chromosomes = 46; 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes; XX in females; XY in males)

Diploid

Meiosis
Specific

type of cell division leading to the production of gametes (ova and spermatazoa) Each gamete contains a haploid number of chromosomes (23; 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome; X in ova and either X or Y in spermatozoa)

Cell cycle
Begins

at the completion of one cell division (mitosis) and ends at the completion of the next division
Dividing

phase = Mitosis Resting phase = Interphase

Interphase
Phases:
G1

(resting; variable length) (G0 for quiescent cells) S (DNA replication tetraploid DNA content) G2 (second gap; approx 4-5 hrs)

Mitosis
Thought

to be initiated by triggering factors in cytoplasm or from other cells including various growth factors 30-60 minutes Division of nucleus* (karyokinesis) and cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

Mitosis
Prophase: condensation and shortening

of chromosomes/formation of mitotic spindle cell apparatus: centrosomes with intervening microtubules


Metaphase: centromeres attach to centre

of apparatus
Anaphase: centromeres split and each

half of chromosome (chromatid) move to opposite pole


Telophase: nuclear membrane reforms.

Mitosis
Mitosis

facilitates:

number of cells increase in size (growth) of organ/organism Replacement of dead cells


Increased

Meiosis
Crossover

events are possible between maternally and paternally derived chromosomal material Chiasmata = points of junction of the exchanged segments Each gamete contains a haploid number of chromosomes (pairing at fertilization will result in restoration of diploid number)

Info on the Web

The Biology Project at University of Arizona: Cell Biology http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bi o/cell_bio.html

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen