SET THEORY

Discrete Mathematics By M Aizaz Khan Tareen

A set may be viewed as a collection of objects, the elements or members of the set. We ordinarily use capital letters, A,B,C,X,Y,Z,,to denote sets and lowercase letters,a,b,c,x,y,z,to denote elements of sets. The statement p is an element of A, or, equivalently,p belongs to A, is written pA The statement that p is not an element of A,i.e the negation of p A, is written pA
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The fact that a set is completely determined when its members are specified is formally stated as the principle of extension. Principle of extension: Two sets A and B are equal iff they have the same members. We write A=B if the sets A and B are equal and we write A=B if the sets are not equal.

Discrete Mathematics By M Aizaz Khan Tareen

A set is an unordered collection of objects. Note that the term object has been used without specifying what an object is.

The objects in a set are also called the elements or members of the set. A set is said to contain its elements.

Two sets are equal iff they have the same elements.
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The set A is said to be subset of B iff every element of A is also an element of B. We use the notation A B to indicate that A is a subset of the set B. For example: A={1,2,3} B={1,2,3,4,,10}

Discrete Mathematics By M Aizaz Khan Tareen

Specifying sets: There are essentially two ways to specify a particular set. 1. A = {a,e,i,o,u} i.e. The set of all vowels in English alphabet. 2. B = {x: x is an even integer, x>0} i.e. 2,4,6, Some sets will occur very often in the text and so we use special symbols for them. N= the set of Natural Numbers: 1,2,3, Z= the set of all integers: -2,-1,0,I,2 Q= the set of rational numbers(in p/q form)
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R= the set of real numbers e.g. {2,3,-2,1/2,3/4,0.34,2} etc. C= the set of complex numbers Complex number is a combination of a Real Number and an Imaginary Number e.g. {1+I,39+3i,0.8 2.2i,-2 + I,2 + 1/2}

Discrete Mathematics By M Aizaz Khan Tareen

This section introduce a number of important operations on sets. Union and Intersection The union of two sets A and B denoted by AB,is the set of all elements which belongs to A or to B. i.e. A B ={x: x A or x B} Here or is used in the sense of and/or. The intersection of two sets A and B denoted by AB,is the set of elements which belongs to both A and B. i.e. A B ={x: x A and x B}
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How to find Union and Intersection? Let A ={1,2,3,4}, B ={3,4,5,6,7}, C ={2,3,5,7} Then A B ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7} A B ={3,4} A C ={1,2,3,4,5,7} A C ={2,3}

Discrete Mathematics By M Aizaz Khan Tareen

Complements The absolute complement or simply complement of a set A denoted by Ac is the set of elements which belong to U but which do not belong to A; i.e. Ac = {x: x U , x A} Some texts denote the complement of A by or .

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Suppose U = N = {1,2,3,} A = {1,2,3,4} B = {3,4,5,6,7} C = {6,7,8,9} E = {2,4,6,8,} Then or Ac = U A = {5,6,7,8,} B or Bc = U B ={1,2,8,9,}

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C or Cc = U C = {1,2,3,4,5,10,11,12,}
E or Ec = E U = {1,3,5,7,9,} A B B C B = A - B = {1,2} C = B - C = {3,4,5} A = B A = {5,6,7} E = C E = {7,9}
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N = {Set of Natural numbers up to 20} A = {Set of first ten odd numbers} B = {Set of first ten even numbers} C = {Set of first ten Prime numbers} Find the followings: AB AC BC

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AB AC BC

Bc

C AB BC CA
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