Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Copyright P. Kundur This material should not be used without the author's consent
1539pk
Excitation Systems
Out#ine
1. Functions and Performance
e!uirements
". E#ements of an Excitation System $. Ty%es of Excitation Systems &. Contro# and Protection Functions '. Mode#in( of Excitation Systems
ES- 2
1539pk
rotor insulation "ailure due to high "ield #oltage rotor heating due to high "ield current stator heating due to high %&' loading heating due to e(cess "lu( )#olts*+,-
ES-
1539pk
Exciter0 %ro*ides dc %o+er to t)e (enerator fie#d +indin( Regulator0 %rocesses and am%#ifies in%ut contro# si(na#s to a #e*e# and form a%%ro%riate for contro# of t)e exciter Terminal voltage transducer and load compensator0 senses (enerator termina# *o#ta(e, rectifies and fi#ters it to dc !uantity and com%ares +it) a reference1 #oad com% may -e %ro*ided if desired to )o#d *o#ta(e at a remote %oint Power system stabilizer: %ro*ides additiona# in%ut si(na# to t)e re(u#ator to dam% %o+er system osci##ations Limiters and protective circuits0 ensure t)at t)e ca%a-i#ity #imits of exciter and (enerator are not exceeded
ES- .
1539pk
C#assified into t)ree -road cate(ories -ased on t)e excitation %o+er source0
0 0 0 2C excitation systems AC excitation systems Static excitation systems
1. 2C Excitation Systems0
0 uti#i3e dc (enerators as source of %o+er1 dri*en -y a motor or t)e s)aft of main (enerator1 se#f or se%arate#y excited re%resent ear#y systems 415"6s to 1576s.1 #ost fa*or in t)e mid81576s -ecause of #ar(e si3e1 su%erseded -y ac exciters *o#ta(e re(u#ators ran(e from t)e ear#y non8 continuous r)eostatic ty%e to t)e #ater system usin( ma(netic rotatin( am%#ifiers
ES- /
1539pk
Fi(ure 98" s)o+s a sim%#ified sc)ematic of a ty%ica# dc excitation system +it) an am%#idyne *o#ta(e re(u#ator
0 0 se#f8excited dc exciter su%%#ies current to t)e main (enerator fie#d t)rou() s#i% rin(s exciter fie#d contro##ed -y an am%#idyne +)ic) %ro*ides incrementa# c)an(es to t)e fie#d in a -uc:8-oost sc)eme t)e exciter out%ut %ro*ides rest of its o+n fie#d -y se#f8excitation
ES- 1
1539pk
ES- 2
1539pk
".1
0 0
"."
0
ES- 4
1539pk
ES- 5
1539pk
ES- 78
1539pk
ES- 72
1539pk
1539pk
A modern excitation contro# system is muc) more t)an a sim%#e *o#ta(e re(u#ator It inc#udes a num-er of contro#, #imitin( and %rotecti*e functions +)ic) assist in fu#fi##in( t)e %erformance re!uirements identified ear#ier Fi(ure 9.1& i##ustrates t)e nature of t)ese functions and t)e manner in +)ic) t)ey interface +it) eac) ot)er
any (i*en system may inc#ude on#y some or a## of t)ese functions de%endin( on t)e s%ecific a%%#ication and t)e ty%e of exciter contro# functions re(u#ate s%ecific !uantities at t)e desired #e*e# #imitin( functions %re*ent certain !uantities from exceedin( set #imits if any of t)e #imiters fai#, t)en %rotecti*e functions remo*e a%%ro%riate com%onents or t)e unit from ser*ice
ES- 7.
1539pk
ES- 7/
1539pk
AC
e(u#ator0
-asic function is to maintain (enerator stator *o#ta(e in addition, ot)er auxi#iaries act t)rou() t)e ac re(u#ator
2C
e(u#ator0
)o#ds constant (enerator fie#d *o#ta(e 4manua# contro#. used for testin( and startu%, and +)en ac re(u#ator is fau#ty
;oad Com%ensator0
used to re(u#ate a *o#ta(e at a %oint eit)er +it)in or externa# to t)e (enerator ac)ie*ed -y -ui#din( additiona# circuitry into t)e A@ #oo% 4see Fi(. 9.17. +it) C and XC %ositi*e, t)e com%ensator re(u#ates a *o#ta(e at a %oint +it)in t)e (enerator1
used to ensure proper sharing %&'s between generators bussed together at their terminals commonly used with hydro units and cross-compound thermal units
+it) C and XC ne(ati*e, t)e com%ensator re(u#ates *o#ta(e at a %oint -eyond t)e (enerator termina#s
commonly used to compensate "or #oltage drop across step-up trans"ormer when generators are connected through indi#idual trans"ormers
ES- 72
1539pk
T)e ma(nitude of t)e resu#tin( com%ensated *o#ta(e 4 Vc., +)ic) is fed to t)e A@ , is (i*en -y
A A %c = Et + ( ' c + !< c ) = t
ES- 74
1539pk
ES- 75
1539pk
Fi(ure 9.1?$ Coordination between AEBC BDE relay and stability limit
Fi(ure 9.19$ Coordination o" o#er-e(citation limiting with "ield thermal capability
ES- 28
1539pk
7.78 28.8
7.8/
@D=3 #imiter 4or re(u#ator. contro#s t)e fie#d *o#ta(e so as to #imit t)e (enerator *o#ta(e +)en @D=3 exceeds a %reset *a#ue @D=3 %rotection tri%s t)e (enerator +)en @D=3 exceeds t)e %reset *a#ue for a s%ecified time Note0 T)e unit ste%8u% transformer #o+ *o#ta(e ratin( is fre!uent#y 'C -e#o+ t)e (enerator *o#ta(e ratin(
ES- 27
1539pk
ES- 22
1539pk
Fi(ure 9."7$ 9loc@ diagram o" a dc e(citer Sel !excited dc exciter T)e -#oc: dia(ram of Fi(. 9."7 a#so a%%#ies to t)e se#f8 excited dc exciter. T)e *a#ue of "E# )o+e*er, is no+ e!ua# to Re $Rg!% as com%ared to Re $Rg for t)e se%arate#y excited case. T)e station o%erators usua##y trac: t)e *o#ta(e re(u#ator -y %eriodica##y adEustin( t)e r)eostat set%oint so as to ma:e t)e *o#ta(e re(u#ator out%ut 3ero. T)is is accounted for -y se#ectin( t)e *a#ue of "E so t)at t)e initia# *a#ue of VR is e!ua# to 3ero. The parameter "E is there ore not ixed# but varies with the operating condition& ES- 2
1539pk
ES- 2.
1539pk
IEEE )as standardi3ed 1" mode# structures for re%resentin( t)e +ide *ariety of excitation systems current#y in use 4see IEEE Standard &"1.'8155".0
t)ese mode#s are intended for use in transient and sma##8si(na# sta-i#ity studies Fi(ures 9.&6 to 9.&$ s)o+ four exam%#es
ES- 22
1539pk
Fi(ure 9.&6$ =EEE type 3C7& e(citation system model. =EEE 7557>4? T)e ty%e 2C1A exciter mode# re%resents fie#d contro##ed dc communtator exciters, +it) continuous#y actin( *o#ta(e re(u#ators. T)e exciter may -e se%arate#y excited or se#f excited, t)e #atter ty%e -ein( more common. <)en se#f excited, "E is se#ected so t)at initia##y VR-., re%resentin( o%erator action of trac:in( t)e *o#ta(e re(u#ator -y %eriodica##y trimmin( t)e s)unt fie#d r)eostat set %oint.
Fi(ure 9.&1$ =EEE type &C7& e(citation system model. =EEE 7557>4? T)e ty%e AC1A exciter mode# re%resents a fie#d contro##ed a#ternator excitation system +it) non8contro##ed rectifiers, a%%#ica-#e to a -rus)#ess excitation system. T)e diode rectifier c)aracteristic im%oses a #o+er #imit of 3ero on t)e exciter out%ut *o#ta(e. T)e exciter fie#d su%%#ied -y a %i#ot exciter, and t)e *o#ta(e re(u#ator %o+er su%%#y is not affected -y externa# transients.
ES- 24
1539pk
Fi(ure 9.&"$ =EEE type &C.& e(citation system model =EEE 7557 >4?
T)e ty%e AC&A exciter mode# re%resents an a#ternator su%%#ied contro##ed rectifier excitation system 8 a )i() initia# res%onse excitation system 0& Type ST%' exciter model uti#i3in( fu## +a*e t)yristor -rid(e circuit. Excitation system sta-i#i3ation is usua##y %ro*ided in t)e form of a series #a(8#ead net+or: 4transient (ain reduction.. T)e time constant associated +it) t)e re(u#ator and firin( of t)yristors is re%resented -y T'. T)e o*era## (ain is re%resented -y "'& T)e rectifier o%eration is confined to mode 1 re(ion. ectifier re(u#ation effects on exciter out%ut #imits are accounted for -y constant "(.
Fi(ure 9.&$$ =EEE type ST7& e(citation system model =EEE 7557 >4?
T)e ty%e ST1A exciter mode# re%resents %otentia#8source contro##ed8rectifier systems. T)e excitation %o+er is su%%#ied t)rou() a transformer from (enerator termina#s1 t)erefore, t)e exciter cei#in( *o#ta(e is direct#y %ro%ortiona# to (enerator termina# *o#ta(e. T)e effect of rectifier re(u#ation on cei#in( *o#ta(e is re%resented -y "(. T)e mode# %ro*ides f#exi-i#ity to re%resent series #a(8#ead or rate feed-ac: sta-i#i3ation. Fecause of *ery )i() fie#d forcin( ca%a-i#ity of t)e system, a fie#d current #imiter is sometimes em%#oyed1 t)e #imit is defined -y lLR and t)e (ain -y "LR.
ES- 25
1539pk
Mode#in( of ;imiters
Standard mode#s do not inc#ude #imitin( circuits1 t)ese do not come into %#ay under norma# conditions T)ese are, )o+e*er, im%ortant for #on(8term and *o#ta(e sta-i#ity studies Im%#ementation of t)ese circuits *aries +ide#y
mode#s )a*e to -e esta-#is)ed on a case -y case -asis
ES- 8
1539pk