Linguistik

Linguistik= ilmu bahasa Varian linguistik: linguistik umum (kesamaan unsur) linguistik terapan linguistik deskriptif

Linguis = ahli bahasa Ahli bahasa >< pandai berbahasa

Linguistik
Dinamika linguistik Linguistik Modern : Ferdinand de Saussure
Dalam Cours de Lingustique generale (1916)

Istilah linguistik modern

Langange, langue dan parole

Oposisi biner :

Penanda >< petanda

paradigmatik >< sintagmatik

Obyek utama kajian linguistik: bahasa tutur >< bahasa tulis Saussurean (stukturalisme) >< Derrida (dekonstruksi) Endmund Husserl (filsafat radikal)

Cabang Utama linguistik

Fonologi fonetik fonologi Morfologi Semantik Pragmatik Linguistic meaning >< Lingusitic sense lingual >< metalingual

semiotik/semiologi Ferdinand de Saussure = Charles Senders Pierce Roland Barthes > Jaques Derrida & Julia Kristeva Umberto eco Nasr Hamid abu zaid Hermeneutik Schleiermacher (teks dan author) Heidegger (teks dan subyektifitas author) Nasr Hamid Abu Zaid (historis dan ahistoris)
Sintaksis

Branches of linguistics
The main branches of linguistics are Phonology : a branch of linguistics that studies the structure and
systematic patterning of sound in human language

Morphology :a branches of linguisitics that studies the way in which word

are constructed out of smaller meaningfull units

Syantax

: a branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of sentences and the intrelationships among the internal parts : a branch of linguistics that studies the nature of the meaning of individual words and the meaning out of group into phrases and sentences

Semantics

Pragmatics : sub field of linguistics that studies the use of words in the actual context of discourse

Subfields of linguistics
(Kajian Antar Disiplin Linguistik)

Anthropological Linguistics : The study of the interlelationship between language and culture Sociolinguistics : The study of the interelationship of language and social culture, linguistics variation, and attitude toward language.

Psycolinguistics : The study of the relationships of language and cognitive , structures and the acquisition of language
Neurolinguistics : The study of the brain and how it functions and the production, perception, and acquisation of language.

Morphology
Morphology a brance of lingusitics that studies the ways in which word are constructed out of smaller meaningfull units or the study of morphemes and their arrangement in forming word. a morphem is not identical with a syllable strange- (streynj) is a single morpheme (monomorphemic) and one syllable connecticut (knctic) is a single morpheme it contain four syllables Phonologically strange- consist of 7 phonems = 2 vowels and 5 consonant Connecticut consist of 11 phonems= 4 vowel and 7 consonant

Morphology Bound vs Free morphems Bound morphems are morphems wich cannot normally stand alone, but which are typically attached to another forms e.g. re-, -ist, -ed , -s, -ly in words such as: re-turn typ-ist want-ed book-s man-ly

Morphology

Free morphemes are morphemes which can stand by themselves as single words, e.g. open tour, tree, teach, and tough. What is actually the denition of morphem? Morphem are the smallest meaningfull units in the structure of the language. Yule defines a morpheme as aminimal units in the meaning or gramatical function While Akmaijan stated that morphems are the minimal units of word building in a language : they cannot be broken down any further into recognizable or meaningful parts.

Morphology
How to Identify Morphem? Identifying based on semantic distinctive such as suffix -er added to verbs in such combination as: 1. worker 2. dancer 3. runner 4. walker 5. flier All of that words have essentially the same meaning, that is the the doer of the action (also called aggentive) Other commen semantic distinctiveness such as suffix er added to adjectives 1. wider 2. broader 3. smaller 4. Younger 5. cleaner

Morphology
By adding suffix ish 1. Boyish 2. Girlish 3. Bookish 4. Dampish (depresed) 5. Bearish (passionate/angry The morphem ish may be said to denote a quality of this suffix generally adds an unfavourable connotation. The suffix ly such as in 1. Manly 2. Motherly 3. Friendly 4. Cowardly 5. Worldly (hedonstic) 6. Those words also identifies a qulaity without necessarily bringing unpleasent situation.

Morphology
1. Identifying morphems based on differentiated in phonemic form ( the phonem or order of phonem) Before alveolar (soft palate)sound such as t and d such as: 1. Intangible 2. Indecent (unpolite) Before bilabial sound such as: 1. Impractible 2. impersonal

Unbelievable contains One free morpheme A root and two affixes Whats the plural of sheep? We can either say {SHEEP}:{} (the root plus a zero morph), or The morpheme {SHEEP} realizes both singular and plural meanings The same applies to the past and present tense of hit

Shortening processes

Backformation (you usually need to know the history of the word) Babysitter babysit (keep the baby) Editor edit Clipping (this doesnt involve complete morphemes) Science-fiction sci-fi Information info _________ > pros and cons Words have an internal structure consisting of smaller units organized with respect to each other. The most important component of word structure is the morpheme. It is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function: builder = build + -er construct one who does houses = house + -s dwelling(live) more than one

Morphemes Free and Bound

A free morpheme can be a word by itself; it can stand alone. A bound morpheme must be attached to another element; it cannot stand alone. free bound car -s smile -ed tall -er care -ful

Allomorphs
Morphemes do not always have an invariant form. The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs. indefiniteness: a/an past tense: d, t, d plural: z, s, z

Word Structure Complex words consist of a root and one or more affixes. The root morpheme: i contributes the most to the words meaning, ii belongs to a lexical category. An affix: i does not belong to a lexical category, ii is always a bound morpheme. N V

Aff

Adj

Aff

teach

er

modern

ize

Inflectional vs Derivational Morphem

Some morphemes derive or create new words by her changing the meaning (happy vs unhappy both adjective) or the part/class of speech (e.g ripe an adjective, vs ripen a verb) the are called derivational morphemes. Other morphemes change neither part of speech nor meaning, but only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of a word. Thus cat and cats are both noun and have the same meaning. But cats with the plural morphem s contains the additioanal information that thre are more than one of these thing. The morphems are called inflectional morphem

Structure Modification Internal change

Internal change is a process that substitutes one nonmorphemic segment for another: sing sang foot feet These cannot be considered as examples on infixing: i English does not have a root *sng (meaning produce words in a musical tone). ii English does not have a morpheme i meaning present or a morpheme a meaning past in the sing/sang case.

Structure Modification Suppletion

Suppletion (complement)is a morphological process whereby a root morpheme is replaced by a phonologically unrelated form in order to indicate a grammatical contrast. Basic form Suppletive form I me be were good well

Structure Modification Stress placement

A base can undergo a change in the placement of stress to reflect a change in its category. Verb Noun presnt prsent subjct sbject contst cntest
(mengalami)

Structure Modification Compounding

It is a common morphological process which involves the combination of lexical categories to create larger words. The elements making up the compound are free forms.. Noun + Noun Adjective + Noun campsite bluebird bookcase greenhouse

Compounding

In English, the rightmost morpheme determines the category of the entire (all) compound. This morpheme is called the head.

N Adj N N

V V N

Adj Adj

green

house

spoon

feed

nation

wide

Derivation

Through the addition of an affix, derivation forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct form that of its base. base derived word sell seller teach teacher i category change: verb noun ii meaning change: X someone who does X

Complex Derivations Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create multiple levels of word structure. Verb + -ive = Adj. act + -ive = active Adj. + -ate = Verb active + -ate = activate Verb + -ion = Noun activate + -ion = activation

[N [V [Adj [V act] ive] ate] ion] N V Adj V act Aff ive Aff ate Aff ion

Type of morphems
Roots : constitute the nuclei of all words Nonroot: identical to bound Stems the nucleus of word stucture consisting of one nucleus plus any other nonroot morphems Nuclei : consist of a root or combination of roots Nonnuclei: is made up of nonroots Nucleus (inti suku kata) : contains the nucleus

Evaluation
Please complete the definitions below! 1. Morphology :a branches of linguisitics that studies the way in which word are constructed out of smaller meaningfull units 2. Syantax : a branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of sentences and the intrelationships among the internal parts 3. Semantics : a branch of linguistics that sudies the nature of the meaning of individual words and the meaning out of group into phrases and sentences 4. Phonology : a branch of linguistics that studies : the structure and systematic patterning of sound in human language in human language 5.Please diffferencieted between bound and free morphems by using each example. Bound morphems are morphems wich cannot normally stand alone e.g: re- renew Free morphemes are morphemes which can stand by themselves as single e.g: break

Evaluation

6. Identifying morphem based on semantic distinctive using suffix -er added to verbs , suffix er added to adjectives, by adding suffix ish, by adding suffix ly. Please give each examples two words. 1. reporter 2. marker 1. lower 2. Cheaper 1. Girlish 2. Bookish 1. Curly 2. hardly