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SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEMS AND RESPONSES OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS TO SEISMIC FORCES
TOPICS COVERED
Seismic
DUAL SYSTEMS
A structural system with the following features
Complete space frame for gravity loads 25% base shear resisted by space frames Resistance to lateral force is provided by the shear walls
Moment frames are either special or intermediate frames Different combinations of shear walls are possible including
Ordinary RC shear walls Special RC shear walls
BUILDING CONFIGURATION
Buildings having irregular configurations in plan and/or elevation suffered greater damage Inelastic behaviour concentrates in certain localized regions in irregular structure Structural elements deteriorate rapidly in these areas Inelastic demand tend to be well distributed throughout a regular structure Elastic analysis methods are not capable to accurately predict distribution of seismic demand in an irregular structure Building with regular configuration are encouraged and highly irregular buildings are prohibited on sites close to active faults
PLAN IRREGULARITIES
Five different plan irregularities have been identified
Torsional irregularity Re-entrant corners Diaphragm discontinuity Out-of-plan offsets Nonparallel systems
PLAN IRREGULARITIES
Torsional irregularity
PLAN IRREGULARITIES
Re-entrant corners
PLAN IRREGULARITIES
Diaphragm discontinuity
PLAN IRREGULARITIES
Out-of-plan offsets
PLAN IRREGULARITIES
Nonparallel systems
VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES
Five different vertical structural irregularities have been identified
Stiffness irregularity-soft story Weight (mass) irregularity Vertical geometric irregularity In-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral-force-resisting elements Discontinuity in capacity-weak story
VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES
Stiffness irregularity-soft story
VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES
Weight (mass) irregularity
VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES
Vertical geometric irregularity
VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES
In-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral-force-resisting elements
VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES
Discontinuity in capacity-weak story
Connections are also important components of the chain Resistance of building is as strong as the weakest link in the path
DIAPHRAGM RESPONSE
Diaphragms typically span between shear walls of concrete Respond like deep beams bending in their own plane under lateral forces Forces produced at the diaphragm edge include
Shear Tension or compression
Seismic forces acting perpendicular to the long side produce shear forces acting in the opposite direction Shear forces are transferred to the shear walls Tension develops in the chord and compression develops on the side on which seismic forces act
DIAPHRAGM RESPONSE
Forces similar to chord forces also develop around openings Openings may need to be reinforced with additional longitudinal steel Shear forces at the diaphragm edge are transferred through shear-friction Another mechanism of shear transfer is dowel action The assumption here is that reinforcement acts as anchor bolt in shear
FOUNDATION RESPONSE
Foundations can be shallow or deep Shallow foundations are supported by vertical pressure of earth Foundation types include
Square or rectangular spread footings Continuous strip footings
FOUNDATION RESPONSE
Piles are supported by end bearing and skin friction Connected together by ties, grade beams or slabs on grade Shear forces are transferred from walls and frames to the foundation Dowels in foundation must match the vertical reinforcement in walls and frames