Presentation P631+P632+P633+P634

MiCOM P631634
Transformer Differential Protection

October 2005
Rudolf Simon
Dr.-I ng.
> MiCOM P630C/P631...634 Transformer Differential Protection - March 2004 - P63x Presentation EN f+ 3 3
MiCOM P631634
Applications
Two Winding
Transformers
Unit Transformers
Three Winding
Transformers
Reactors
Generators
Ring Bus Fed
Windings
Auto Transformers
Motors

ANSI No. P631 P632 P633 P634
Differential protection 87 2 wind. 2 wind. 3 wind. 4 wind.
Restricted earth fault prot. 87G 2 3 3
Definite-time O/C protection 50 2 2 3 3
Inverse-time O/C protection 51 2 2 3 3
Thermal overload protection 49 1 1 2 2
Over/undervoltage protection 27, 59 1 1 1
Over/underfrequency prot. 81 1 1 1
Overexcitation protection 24 1 1 1
Current transformer monitor. option option option option
Measuring circuit monitoring 2 2 3 4
CB Failure Protection 50BF 2 2 3 4
Limit value monitoring 2 2 3 3
Programmable logic 1 1 1 1

MiCOM P631634
Main Functions
P630C is functionally equivalent to P631.
MiCOM P631634
Inputs and Outputs

P631 P632 P633 P634
Measuring inputs
Phase currents 2 x 3 2 x 3 3 x 3 4 x 3
Residual current or star-point current 2 3 3
Voltage 1 1 1
Binary inputs and outputs
Optical coupler inputs (per order) 4 4 to 10 4 to 16 4 to 10
Add. optical coupler inputs (optional) 24 24 24
Output relays (per order) 8 to 14 8 to 22 8 to 30 8 to 22
Analogue inputs and outputs (optional)
0 to 20 mA input 1 1 1
PT 100 input 1 1 1
0 to 20 mA outputs 2 2 2

MiCOM P631634
Screw Terminals for Pin Lugs
Screw Terminals for Ring Lugs
Models
G G C
G G
G
G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
G G C
G G
G
G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
G G C
G G
G
G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
G G C
G G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
G
G
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
G G C
G G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
G
G
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
G G C
G G
G
G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
G G C
G G
G
G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
G G C
G G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
G
G
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
P631
G G C
G G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
G
G
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
P632 P633 P634
Functional Details
MiCOM P631634
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
DIFF
Differential Protection
MiCOM P631634
Main Features
G G C
G G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
G
G
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
G G C
G G
G
G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
G G C
G G
G
G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
P631 P632 P633 P634
G G C
G G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
G
G
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
G G C
G G
G
TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
G
G
EDIT
= CLEAR
= ENTER
= READ
C
MiCOM
3-system differential protection for transformers, generators and motors
2, 3 or 4 bias inputs per phase
Amplitude and vector group matching
Zero sequence current filtering for each winding
Triple-slope tripping characteristic
Unrestrained instanteneous differential element
Magnetizing inrush stabilization (second harmonic), with/without cross-blocking
Overflux blocking (fifth harmonic)
Through-fault stability with c.t. saturation detection
MiCOM P631634
Amplitude Matching
A
B
C
Winding a
I
nom, CT, prim, a
V
nom, prim, a
V
nom, prim, b
S
ref, prim
= S
nom, prim, max
I
nom, CT, prim, b
A
B
C
Winding b
All you have to do: Simply set these nominal values!
MiCOM P631634
Vector Group Matching
A
B
C
Winding a
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11
A
B
C
Winding b
All you have to do: Simply set the vector group ID!
MiCOM P631634
Zero Sequence Current Filtering
A
B
C
Winding a
with I
0
filtering without I
0
filtering
A
B
C
Winding b
All you have to do: Simply set with or without!
MiCOM P631634
Tripping Characteristic
Basic threshould value I
d
>, slope m
1
,
second knee point I
R,m2
and slope m
2
are settable.
1 2 3 4
1
2
0
I
d
I
R
Load line
for single-end infeed
I
d
>
m
1
m
2
I
R,m2
REF_1 REF_2 REF_3
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
MiCOM P631634
DIFF REF: In-Zone Fault on Transformer Yyn(d)
A
B
C
E{I
A
, I
B
, I
C
}
A
B
C
N
a
N
b
0 ... f ... 1
I
d,G
>
I
Y
I
x,a
I
d
>
I
x,b
: 1
N
N
with and
I f
N
N f
3
2
= I
N
N f
3
2
= I
b
a
max G,
a
b
Y
a
b
a A,
=

max G, Y G , d
I f = I = I
max G,
2
a A, d
I f
3
2
= I I =
1
f
0
0.2 0.55
0.2
0.66
0.57
I
d,G
/I
G,max
I
d
/I
G,max
0.59 1 0
MiCOM P631634
DIFF REF: Comparison of Sensitivity
max G, G , d
I f = I
max G,
2
d
I f
3
1
I =
max G,
2
d
I f
3
2
I =
The advantage of ground differential protection resides in the
linear dependency of the sensitivity on fault location.
MiCOM P631634
Operating Modes
Low impedance principle:
Biasing by residual current
Low impedance principle:
Biasing by maximum phase current
High impedance principle
MiCOM P631634
Tripping Characteristic: Biasing by Residual Current
I
d,G
>
I
d,G
/I
ref
m = 1.005
1 1.5 2 0.5
0.5
1
1.5
I
R,G
/I
ref
Characteristic for
line side feed only (I
Y
=0)
2
Definition of I
d,G
and I
R,G
:

{ }
{ }
C B A P , amp G , R
Y Y , amp C B A P , amp G , d
I , I , I k I
I k I , I , I k I
E =
+ E =
MiCOM P631634
Tripping Characteristic: Biasing by Maximum Phase Current
I
d,G
>
I
d,G
/I
ref
m
2
1 1.5 2 0.5
0.5
1
1.5
I
R,G
/I
ref
2
m
1
I
R,G,m2
Characteristic for
line side feed only (I
Y
=0)
Definition of I
d,G
and I
R,G
:

{ }
{ } ( )
Y Y , amp C B A P , amp G , R
Y Y , amp C B A P , amp G , d
I k I , I , I max k
2
1
I
I k I , I , I k I
+ =
+ E =
MiCOM P631634
High Impedance Principle
A
B
C
R
L,P
R
L,P
R
CT,P
R
L,Y
R
L,Y
R
stab
R
CT,Y
saturated CT
I
d,G
>
Voltage across the stabilizing resistor:

( )
P , L P , CT max , ext , sc max , ext , sc
R 2 R I V + =
0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
0,035
0,04
0,045
0 5 10 15 20
V
knee
/V
stab
t/[s]
MiCOM P631634
High Impedance: Operating Time
Ratio V
knee
/V
stab
> 2 ensures tripping times of
less than 2 cycles.
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
DTOC1 DTOC2 DTOC3
Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection
Definite-time overcurrent protection, three-stage, phase-selective
Each function group (DTOC1, DTOC2, DTOC3) is freely assignable
to a winding
Virtual winding may be defined for summation of currents from two real
windings (two breakers in a ring bus or breaker-and-a-half configuration)
3 separate measuring systems for
phase currents, negative-sequence current and residual current
All 3 measuring systems operate independently of each other:
Operate value of the stage may be set as a dynamic parameter
Settable operate delay per stage
Sequence of all operate delays can be blocked
through appropriately configured binary signal inputs or
per selection matrix via a binary signal input or
per programmable logic (LOGIC)
MiCOM P631634
Definite-Time O/C Protection
Main Features
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
IDMT1 IDMT2 IDMT3
Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection
Inverse-time overcurrent protection, single-stage, phase-selective
Each function group (IDMT1, IDMT2, IDMT3) is freely assignable
to a winding
Virtual winding may be defined for summation of currents from two real
windings (two breakers in a ring bus or breaker-and-a-half configuration)
3 separate measuring systems for phase currents, negative-sequence
current and residual current
All 3 measuring systems operate independently of each other:
Operate value of the stage may be set as a dynamic parameter
Choice of 12 different tripping time characteristics
Accumulation of intermittend startings by means of a hold-time logic
MiCOM P631634
Inverse-Time O/C Protection
Main Features
1
10
1 10 100
I/I
ref
t/[s]
0,1
1
10
100
1 10 100
I/I
ref
t/[s]
MiCOM P631634
Tripping Characteristics acc. to IEC and ASEA
NI
LTI
VI
EI
RI
RXIDG
NI: Normally inverse
VI: Very inverse
EI: Extremely inverse
LTI: Long time inverse
RI: RI-type inverse
RXIDG: RXIDG-type inverse
0,1
1
10
100
0,1 1 10 100
I/I
ref
t/[s]
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
0,1 1 10 100
I/I
ref
t/[s]
MiCOM P631634
Tripping Characteristics acc. to ANSI/IEEE
EI
VI
MI
EI
VI
MI
LTI
NI
STI
LTI
NI
STI
MI: Moderately inverse
VI: Very inverse
EI: Extremely inverse
NI: Normally inverse
STI: Short time inverse
LTI: Long time inverse
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
THRM1 THRM2
Thermal Overload Protection
MiCOM P631634
First-Order Model Based on IEC 60255-8
O
a
I
2
O(t)
k
a
w
Thermal
conductance
Specific
thermal capacity
Square of current
Protected object
Temperature O(t)
Coolant
Temperature O
a
Proportionality
factor
In thermal overload protection based on IEC 60255-8,
a simple homogeneous two-body model
(protected object and coolant) is considered.
MiCOM P631634
Model Equation
t
O(t)
O
a
AO
t
O
0
O
a a
2
I
k
a
O + AO = O + = O

Ultimate temperature
Ultimate temperature rise
Transition from the initial temperatur O
0

to the final temperatur O
(ultimate temperatur)
based on the rise time constant t at constant current I.
MiCOM P631634
Consideration of the Coolant Temperature
( )
max , a max
max , a a
trip
t
0
2
ref
0
e 1
I
I
t
O O
O O
0 A +
(
(

(
(
0 A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 0 A = 0 A
t
( ) t
I
0 A
offset
0 A
The offset A0
offset
corrects the state of the thermal replica for
the normal case in which the actual coolant temperature O
a

is not equal to the maximum coolant temperature O
a,max
.
MiCOM P631634
Graphic Representation of the Offset
A0
trip
A0
offset
100 %
0 %
O
a,max
O
max
O
a
The offset A0
offset
disappears at O
a
= O
a,max
.
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
V<>
Over-/Undervoltage Protection
Definite-time overvoltage protection, two-stage

Definite-time undervoltage protection, two-stage:
Transient signals are provided to be included in trip command
Window function is provided for each timer stage

Reset ratio (hysteresis) settable

MiCOM P631634
Over-/Undervoltage Protection
Main Features
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
f<>
Over-/Underfrequency Protection
Over-/underfrequncy protection, four-stage

All four stages operate independently of each other:
Operation modes:
Over-/underfrequency monitoring
Over-/underfrequency monitoring in conjunction with differential
frequency gradient monitoring (df/dt) for system decoupling
applications
Over-/underfrequency monitoring in conjunction with average
frequency gradient monitoring (Af/At) for load shedding applications
Settable operate delay
MiCOM P631634
Main Features
f
f
x
f
nom
t
t
x
MiCOM P631634
Time Delayed Over-/Underfrequeny
Start
Trip
f
f
x
f
nom
t
t
x
df
x
/dt
MiCOM P631634
Time Delayed ROCOF
Trip
Start
f
f
x
f
nom
t
Af
x
At
x
MiCOM P631634
Average ROCOF
Trip
Start
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
V/f
Overexcitation Protection
V/f ratio based measurement

Alarm stage V/f> with definite time delay

Trip stage V/f>> with inverse time characteristic
Characteristic defined by 12 settable value pairs
Cooling time of thermal replica settable

Trip stage V/f>>> with definite time delay

MiCOM P631634
Main Features
MiCOM P631634
Tripping Characteristic
...
V/f
t
1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60
V
nom
/f
nom
1
10
100
V/f>>>
V/f>>
...
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
CBF
CB Failure Protection
MiCOM P631634
CB Failure Protection
Overview
Common Px3x platform function see platform presentation
for more details!
Monitoring of settable undercurrent condition, phase-selective
2 timer stages to allow retripping and backup-tripping
Independent trip commands, incl. lock-out function
Additional monitoring of CB aux. contacts (52a, 52b) as CB fail criterion
in case of trip w/o current
Plausibility check of CB position signals
Pole Discrepancy Supervision
Starting triggering to provide back-up protection
in case of downstream CB failure condition
Stub bus / end-zone protection
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
CTS
CT Supervision
MiCOM P631634
CT Supervision
A Universal CTS function
suitable for ALL MiCOM Devices

Universal scheme suitable for all
differential devices
Suitable for implementation on any
MiCOM relay
No reference to VT s required
Suitable for blocking or indications
as required by the user
Requirements
Ratio of Negative to Positive sequence current is
measured at each CT set
If ratio is zero (or small) either unloaded, balanced load,
three phase fault or three phase CT problem
If ratio is non-zero, either asymmetric fault or CT problem
Ratio calculated at all CT ends
If ratio is non-zero at two (or more ends) simultaneously, it
is almost certainly a genuine fault condition & unlikely to be
a CT problem
MiCOM P631634
CT Supervision
Principles (1)
Ratio of Negative to Positive sequence current cannot
distinguish between genuine faults and CT problems
Additional criteria is positive sequence (load) current, I1
Better detection criteria than phase currents
Considering a situation where the ratio is non-zero at
one end only
If I1 only detected at one end, system is unloaded and
therefore calculated non-zero ratio is due to a single-end
fed fault or inrush condition
If I1 detected at two (or more) ends, this is a CT problem or
sympathetic inrush on parallel transformers

MiCOM P631634
CT Supervision
Principles (2)
> 2
&
> 1
> 1
= 1
=(N-1)
CTS: Operated
DIFF: Any blocking
CTS: Blocking EXT
MAIN: Gen. trip signal
I
2
/I
1
end a
> I
1
>
(e.g. 10%)
I
1
end a
I
1
end b
I
1
end c
I
1
end d
< I
2
/I
1
>
(e.g. 5%)
I
2
/I
1
end b
I
2
/I
1
end c
I
2
/I
1
end d
> I
2
/I
1
>>
(e.g. 40%)
> 1
> 1
&
CTS: End a flt.
MiCOM P631634
CT Supervision
Operating condition
CTS: Operated (updating)
CTS: Idiff>(CTS) activ.
CTS: Operated (latched)
> 1
S
R
Q
t Alarm 0
CTS: Operated
MAIN: General Reset
CTS: Reset latching
> 1
CTS: Alarm end a (updat.)
CTS: Alarm end a
CTS: Alarm end a (latch.)
CTS: End a flt.
overall signals
per end signals
t Latch 0
> 1
S
R
Q
t Alarm 0
t Latch 0
MiCOM P631634
CT Supervision
Signaling
CTS impact on DIFF depends on setting:
Alarm Mode: Idiff> (CTS) = Idiff>
(= Indication only)
Restrain Mode: Idiff> (CTS) > max. phase load current
Blocking Mode: Idiff> (CTS) > Idiff>>
MiCOM P631634
CT Supervision
Characteristic shift
1 2 3
1
0
I
diff
I
R
Load line
for single side infeed
I
diff
>
I
R,m2
m
1
m
2
I
diff
>(CTS)
2
No Trip
Trip
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
MCM_1
Measuring Circuit Monitoring
MCM_4
MCM_3
MCM_2
Sequence current ratio based measurement per end

Alarm or Trip stage I2/I1> with definite time delay

Function too slow for blocking DIFF CTS required for this application

Function can be used as Broken Conductor protection

Function can be blocked
MiCOM P631634
Measuring Circuit Monitoring
Main Features
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
LIMIT
Limit Value Monitoring
MiCOM P631634
Limit Value Monitoring
Functionality
0 1
t
>
>
0 1
t
>>
>>
0 1
t
<
<
0 1
t
<<
<<
Measurands:

Phase currents
Temperature
20 mA DC curr.
...
Signals:

Starting >
t
>
elapsed
...
Intended to use for monitoring applications only!
MiCOM P631634
Functional Details
LOGIC
Programmable Logic
MiCOM P631634
Programmable Logic
Embedding of Programmable Logic

Configuration:

INP
LOC
PC
COMM1
COMM2
Fixed Logic:

DIST, IDMT, DIFF, ...

Configuration:

OUTP
LED
LOC
PC
COMM1
COMM2
Control
Inputs
Trip and
Signals
Functions
MiCOM P631634
Programmable Logic
Embedding of Programmable Logic
Programmable Logic:

LOGIC

Configuration:

INP
LOC
PC
COMM1
COMM2
Fixed Logic:

DIST, IDMT, DIFF, ...

Configuration:

OUTP
LED
LOC
PC
COMM1
COMM2
Control
Inputs
Trip and
Signals
Functions

Presentation P631+P632+P633+P634

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Presentation P631+P632+P633+P634

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MiCOM P631634

Transformer Differential Protection

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