Basic Types of Chemical Reactions 1.

Combination or Synthesis - a reaction where in two

elements combine forming one product. Eq: A + B AB

a. Metal
Mg 2Na
4Fe

+
+ +
+ O2

Nonmetal
Cl2 S
3O2

binary compound
Mg Cl2 Na 2S
2 Fe 2O3

b. Metal +
4Na

Metal oxide or basic anhydride

O2 2 Na 2O

c.Nonmetal

O2

Nonmetal oxide or acid anhydride

S 4P C

+ + +

O2 3O2 O2

SO2 2P2 O3 CO2

d.

Metal oxide

H 2O

Base

or basic anhydride Na 2O e. Nonmetal oxide or acid anhydride SO2 + + H 2O H 2O NaOH Acid

H 2O

H 2SO3

2.Decomposition or Analysis
- reaction wherein a compound (reactant) breaks products ( usually with the use of heat, ) into two or more

Eq:

AB

A
KCl

+
+

B
O2

Chlorates: KClO3

Carbonates: CaCO3 CaO + CO2 *Except carbonates of IA Family( ex: lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate ). They are not decomposed further into oxide and carbon dioxide. HCO3- : Ca(HCO3) 2 Hydrates: CuSO4 .5 H2O

CaO

+ CO2 + H2O

CuSO4

5 H 2O

ELECTROLYSIS
H2O O2 + H2

Metal Oxide : HgO

Hg

O2

Sugars: C6 H12O 6

6C+

6 H 2O

3. Substitution or Single Displacement

a. Hydrogen Displacement 2 Na (s) + 2H2O(cold) 2NaOH(aq) + H2 (g) Very reactive Al (s) + H2O(steam) Al 2O3 + H2 Moderately active

Zn + 2HCl

ZnCl2

H2 (g)

The Activity Series for Metals

b. Metal Displacement CuSO4 + Fe Fe2 (SO4 )3 + Cu

(more active)

c. Halogen Displacement Cl2 + KI KCl + I2

(more active)

4. Exchange, metathesis, Double Decomposition

6 Na 2SO4 + 2Ca3 (PO4 ) 2 4Na 3PO4 + 6CaSO4

5. Precipitation
Pb(NO3 ) 2 + Na 2 CrO4 2Na NO3 + PbCrO4 (s)

6. Neutralization Reaction Acid HCl SO2 + + + Base NaOH CaO Salt NaCl CaSO3

Chemical formula represents the composition of one molecule or ionic compound in terms of chemical symbols.
a. Molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of elements in a molecule. ex: C6H 12O6 ( sucrose), C6H6 (benzene ) ,C2H2 (acetylene) . b.Empirical formula gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of elements in a molecule ex: C H2 O ( sucrose), C H (benzene ) , C H (acetylene) c.Lewis formula shows the valence electrons of atoms of elements in a molecule. .. .. .. ex: H: O : O: H (hydrogen peroxide) H: O :H (water) .. .. .. d. Structural formula shows the binding of atoms of elements in a molecule. ex: H-O O -H (hydrogen peroxide) H- O -H (water)

c.Lewis formula shows the valence electrons of atoms of elements in a molecule. .. .. ex: H: O : O: H (hydrogen peroxide) H: O :H .. .. .. (water) .. d. Structural formula shows the binding of atoms of elements in a molecule. ex: H-O O -H (hydrogen peroxide) H- O -H ( water ..

Chemical Properties

qualities that can be observed after alteration of composition of the substance Ex: iron rust, hydrogen is flammable

Extrinsic or Extensive Properties are properties that depend on the amount of the substance in a sample Ex: volume, length, mass
Intrinsic or Intensive Properties do not depend on the amount of substance ex. density, boiling pt. melting pt

Changes of Matter
Physical Change change in size, shape, physical state, no change in nature or compositon. Ex: freezing of water, pulverizing salt distillation of wine

Chemical Change change in the compositon of the substance a new substance is formed. ex iron nail (Fe) rust (Fe2O3) charcoal (C) CO2 Fermentation of fruit juice

Atomic Structure : Atom- basic unit of an element that can enter into a chemical reaction, retains the identity of element Electron (discovered by Joseph John Thomson) is negatively charge(-) particle Neutron (discovered by James Chadwick) is electrically neutral particle. Proton and atomic nucleus (by Ernest Rutherford) positively charged(+) particle.
Atomic number (Z) = the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Mass number (A) = the total number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number + number of neutrons

Atomic number (Z) = the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Mass number (A) = the total number of protons + number of neutrons

X
Z

12 6

Electronic Structure of Atoms

Aufbau Principle Atomic orbitals Electronic configuration Octet Rule Hunds Rule

Chemical formula represents the composition of one molecule or ionic compound in terms of chemical symbols.
a. Molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of elements in a molecule. ex: C6H 12O6 ( sucrose), C6H6 (benzene ) ,C2H2 (acetylene) . b.Empirical formula gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of elements in a molecule ex: C H2 O ( sucrose), C H (benzene ) , C H (acetylene) c.Lewis formula shows the valence electrons of atoms of elements in a molecule. .. .. .. ex: H: O : O: H (hydrogen peroxide) H: O :H (water) .. .. .. d. Structural formula shows the binding of atoms of elements in a molecule. ex: H-O O -H (hydrogen peroxide) H- O -H (water)

Reduction Oxidation Reaction

Molecular Equation (Valence Change Method) NaNO2+ K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 = NaNO3 +K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4) 3+ H2O Ionic Equation (Valence Change Method) +3 -1 -2 -1 NO2 + Cr2O7 + H + = NO3 + Cr + H2O Half Reaction or Ion-electron method NO2 -1 = NO3 -1 Cr2O7
-2

Cr+3

Redox
Balance the eq. using Valence change or Ion electron method . Answer #1-10 MnO4 -1 + ClO2-1 +H2O = MnO2 + ClO4 -1 + OH___1. Oxidation no. of Mn in MnO4 -1
___2. Oxidation no. of Cl in ClO 4 -1 ___3. electron lost/mole ___9. coefficient of ClO2-1 ___4. electron gained/mole ___10. coefficient of MnO2 ___5 Identify the OA ___6. Which is the RA? ___7. Which is the reduction product? ___8. Which is the oxidation product?

Accuracy how close a measurement is to the true value Precision how close a set of measurements are to each other

Accurate &Precise

Precise but not accurate

not precise &

not accurate

Concentration Units
Molarity moles of solute per liter of solution M= moles solute moles = g solute liter of solution molar mass

g solute molar mass liter solution

Normality no of equivalents of solute per liter of solution N = equivalents of solute liter of solution g solute eq wt liter of solution

N=

molality - moles of solute per kg solvent g solute m= molar mass kg solvent

% by mass = mass solute X 100 mass of solution

Mole fraction solute (X2) = mole solute mole solution

Mole fraction solvent (X1) = mole solvent mole solution

Concentration Units
1.Calculate the % by mass of the solute in: a. 5.50 g NaBr in 78.2 g solution b. 31.0 g KCl in 152.0 g water 2.A solution is prepared by mixing 62.5 ml C6H6 (MW 78g/mol) with 80.3 ml toluene(MW 92.0g/mol) density C6H6 0.867 g/ml density C7H8 0.87 g/ml.