HIGH SPEED ADDERS

NAME : TAMILSELVAN.R DEPT. : M.E. VLSI DESIGN(1ST YEAR) SUBJECT : VLSI DESIGN TECHNIQUES DATE : 16.11.2013

HIGH SPEED ADDERS

CARRY-SKIP ADDERS CARRY-SELECT ADDERS

CARRY-SAVE ADDERS

Carry-Skip Adder is also called as Carry-bypass Adder To speed up operation, propagation is skipped to position i without waiting for rippling

Carry-skip logic is added to each block to detect when carry-in the block can be passed directly to the next block

If each block is 4bits, Group carry propagate signal is P(i+3:i)=Pi+(3Pi+2Pi+Pi) Carry out of this group is Cout= Ci+4+P(i+3:i)Ci
Where, Ci is Carry in Performance of Carry-Skip Adder is calculated by number of bits in each group N bit adder using n.k bit groups tskip=tpg+2(n-1)+(k-1)tAO+ txor

Use multiple narrow adders to create fast wide adders

Consider thee addition two n bit numbers

a=an-1...a0 and b=bn-1b0

At the bit level, the adder delay increases from least significant 0-th position upward, with (n-1)th requiring the most complex logic

Carry-Select adder break the addition problem into smaller groups.

By splitting n-bit problem into two n/2 bit sections.

Higher order groups adds word segments an-1an/2 and bn-1.bn/2 The carry out cn/2 produced by the sum of lower order word segments a(n/2)-1a0 and b(n/2)-1b0 Only two possibilities off carry bit cn/2=0 and cn/2=1 Use two 4 bit adder on upper words, one for each possibility, Mux is used to valid result

Example:

The carry bit C4 from the adder L is used as Mux select signal(Fig:12.35) If, C4=0, the result of U0 sent to output C4=1, the result of U1 sent to output Advantage:

The Speed of operation is high

Dis Advantage:
Cost is high High area consumption

Carry Save Adder(CSA) based on the idea of Full

Adder(FA)

Full Adder has three inputs and two outputs

FA is used as 3-2 reduction network(Fig 12.36)

We can build n-bit Carry save adder by using n separate adders

Carry save adder useful in need to add more than 2

numbers

Avoids delay in carry out bits Faster than the normal adders

Example:

This starts with 7 n-bit words(a, b, c,g) Use 5 Carry Save Adders to reduce it down to 2 words Carry propagate adder used to add the final sum of these two words

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Introduction to VLSI Circuits and Systems by John P. Uyemura, 2002. Introduction to VLSI Systems A Logic Circuit and System Perspective by Ming-Bo Lin CMOS VLSI Design, A Circuits and Systems Perspective 3rd Edition by Neil H. E. Weste