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Foreword
The objective of this article is to provide engineers with a brief introduction to the finite element method (FEM). The article includes an overview of the FEM, including a brief history of its origins. The theoretical basis for the FEM is discussed, with emphasis on the basic methodologies, assumptions, and advantages (and limitations) of the method.
Next, the basic steps that must be performed in any FEM analysis are illustrated (using an example from solid mechanics), and FEM examples are provided for problems from other engineering disciplines.
Contents
Introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM) Steps in Using the FEM (an Example from Solid Mechanics) Examples Commercial FEM Software
Competing Technologies
Future Trends Internet Resources References
Current product design cycle times imply that engineers must obtain design solutions in a short amount of time. They are content to obtain approximate solutions that can be readily obtained in a reasonable time frame, and with reasonable effort. The FEM is one such approximate solution technique. The FEM is a numerical procedure for obtaining approximate solutions to many of the problems encountered in engineering analysis.
Advances in and ready availability of computers and software has brought the FEM within reach of engineers working in small industries, and even students.
The piecewise approximation of the physical field (continuum) on finite elements provides good precision even with simple approximating functions. Simply increasing the number of elements can achieve increasing precision.
The locality of the approximation leads to sparse equation systems for a discretized problem. This helps to ease the solution of problems having very large numbers of nodal unknowns. It is not uncommon today to solve systems containing a million primary unknowns.
Easily applied to complex, irregular-shaped objects composed of several different materials and having complex boundary conditions. Applicable to steady-state, time dependent and eigenvalue problems.
Applicable to linear and nonlinear problems. One method can solve a wide variety of problems, including problems in solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, chemical reactions, electromagnetics, biomechanics, heat transfer and acoustics, to name a few.
Theoretical Basis: Formulating Element Equations Several approaches can be used to transform the physical formulation of a problem to its finite element discrete analogue. If the physical formulation of the problem is described as a differential equation, then the most popular solution method is the Method of Weighted Residuals. If the physical problem can be formulated as the minimization of a functional, then the Variational Formulation is usually used.
Wi(x)R(x) = 0 (2)
where Wi(x) are the weighting functions. The number of weighting functions equals the number of unknown coefficients in the approximate solution.
Many readers may find it unusual to see a numerical solution that is based on an integral formulation.
The numerical value of p can be calculated given a specific equation y = f(x). Variational calculus shows that the particular equation y = g(x) which yields the lowest numerical value for p is the solution to the differential equation Dy(x) + Q = 0. (2)
Input and output data may be large and tedious to prepare and interpret.