VoIP—Voice over

Internet Protocol

EE290F Spring 2004

Xiaoxue Zhao
Content

 PSTN-Public Switch Telephone Network

 Packet-Switched Network
 Comparison between PSTN and IP
Network
 VoIP Standards
 VoIP Services
 QoS—Quality of Service
 PSTN—Components
 Access Lines (Local Loops)
Connects customer premises to the local voice
switch
 Switches
Connect access line to each other
 Trunks
Connects voice switches to each other
 PBX—Private Branch Exchange
 Signaling—Connectionless PSTN
Used for basic call set up, management, tear
down and enhanced call features etc.
 PSTN—Structure
Voice Channel Multiplexing
Access lines

Trunk CO
CO Trunk
Network Switch
Switch Network

PBX

Residential Signalin Business

Signalin customers
customers gg
Network
Network
 PSTN—Features
 Connection-Oriented, Circuit-Switched
 Guaranteed Bandwidth
“All the bandwidth all the time.”
 Stable Delays

Connection Establishment

Information Transfer

Connection Release

Connection-Oriented Connectionless
 Packet-Switched Network

Application
 Packet—Unit of data
Application
containing the network Presentation
Services
address information Session
 Network Layers
Transport Transport (TCP)
 “Best effort”
Network IP

Data Link
Network
Access
Physical
 Virtual Circuits
Virtual Circuit Data
Design philosophy Connection-oriented Connectionless

Addressing entity Circuit identifiers Node and network

addresses
Unit of information Packet, frame, cell Packet, frame, cell

Network entities Switches Routers

Bandwidth use All allowed by network Depends on number and

size of frames
Examples Frame relay, X.25, ATM, Internet Protocol (IP),
most other WANs Ethernet, most other LANs
 Comparison

Network Features PSTN (Voice) Internet (Data)

Switch Circuit Switched Packet Switched
Connection Connection Oriented Connectionless
Bit Rate Fixed and low <=64kb/s Wide variation to Gb/s
Bursts Nonexistent High (100/1000:1)
Error tolerance User error control Error free
Info resending Can not (real time) Can be done very fast
Delay Must be low and stable Can be high and vary
 Packetizing Voice

VoIP Issues Solutions

Packetizing delay Small packets for VoIP

Serial delay Priorities and jitter buffers

“High” bit-rate voice (64kb/s) Voice compression

Constant-bit-rate voice (PMC) Silence suppression and comfort

noise
Resend due to errors Real-time Transport Protocol
(RTP)
Why VoIP?

 Cost Reduction
 Simplicity
 Advanced Applications
 Web-enabled call centers
 Collaborative white boarding
 Remote telecommuting
 VoIP Standards
 H.323—ITU-T
 Session Initialization Protocol (SIP)—IETF
Voice Coding Methods (ITU-T G
series, etc.)
Call Control/Session Initialization Application Layer
(H.225, H.245, SIP)
Timing Gateway/Gatekeeper
(RTP) Control (GLP, MGCP)
Reliable/Unreliable Transport Layer
Transport services (TCP/UDP)
Internet Protocol (IP) Network Layer
Packet Network Infrastructure Network interface Layer
H.323

 Packet-Based Multimedia
Communications Systems
 H.323 Architecture
 H.323 for IP Telephony
 H.323 Architecture

H.323 H.323 multipoint

terminal control unit (MCU)

LAN
H.323 H.323 H.323 H.323
gatekeeper gateway terminal terminal

QoS N-ISDN B-ISDN

PSTN LAN

V.70 H.324 Speech H.322 Speech H.320 H.321

terminal terminal terminal terminal terminal terminal terminal
 H.323 for IP Telephony
Video Audio Control Data
H.261 G.711 H.225 H.225 H.245 T.120
H.263 G.722
(video coding) G.723 Terminal to Call (Multipoint data
gatekeeper transfer)
G.728 signaling
signaling
G.729

RTP RTCP RTP RTCP

(Real-time (Real-time (Real-time (Real-time
Protocol) Control Protocol) Control
Protocol) Protocol)

Unreliable transport (UDP) Reliable transport (TCP)

SIP

 Proposed by Internet Engineering Task

Force (IETF)
 Application layer control protocol
 Borrow design and architecture from the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
VoIP Services

 Self-provided Customer
 Independent of Internet access
 Provided by broadband access service
provider
 Corporate Internal Use on Business LAN
/ WAN
 Carrier Internal Use
 Self-Provided Customer

 IP connection Call setup and

Call data Address Info
 Voice-enabled
device
 Examples:
Internet
Internet
Skype, MSN

Address Info
 Independent of Internet
Access
PSTN
PSTN
 Customer in Analogue phone
agreement with IP
PSTN call PSTN signaling
telephony company,
independent of ISP
 Uses gateway to Gateway
connect to PSTN Signaling and
 Calls can be made to Call data Call setup
either VoIP users or
PSTN users SIP Server
Interne
Interne
 IP connection and tt
Voice-enabled device
 Examples: Vonage,
Packet8, Net2Phone Signaling and Call setup
SIP phone
 Provided by Broadband
Access Service Provider
 Customer in
agreement with IP Call data
telephony company
with is also ISP ATA
 Uses gateway to
Access
connect to PSTN Access
provide
provide Signaling and
 Provider is in control rr call setup
of the network so networ
networ
offer quality kk
guarantees ATA
 Analogue terminal SIP Server for
both users
adapters are provided Signaling and call setup
 Example: Yahoo!BB
(Japan)
 Corporate Internal Use on
Business LAN / WAN
PST
PST
Ethernet PSTN NN
phone Gateway

 No service
provider Ethernet
Ethernet
 In-house Converter LAN
LAN
telephony on Gateway
LAN or WAN Analogue
 Services are phone
IP Router
those of a full-
featured PBX
WAN
WANor or
Gatekeeper Internet
Internet

PC based virtual phone

 Carrier Internal Use

 Softswitch H.323
Analogue phone
instead of Gateway
circuit switch,
including Call data
H.323
gatekeeper Carrier
Signaling and set up
or SIP server Carrier
 Most based Network
Network
on H.323
 Mostly in
H.323
international Gateway
calls Carrier
Signaling and set up SoftSwitch

Analogue phone
QoS—Quality of Service

QoS Parameters
 Bandwidth
 Delay
 Jitter (Delay Variation)
 Information Loss
 Reliability
 Security
References

 IP Telephony Walter J. Goralski and

Matthew C. Kolon McGraw-Hill
 Final Report for the European
Commission—IP Voice and Associated
Convergent Services