PRESENTATION - 3

Gender Based Violence (GBV) & Female Genital Cutting (FGC) By; Mignot Anley (DMRHospital)
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health

BEmONC LRP ETHIOPIA

Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn Care

Session Objectives

By the end of this module participants will be able to:

Define Gender Based Violence (GBV) and Female Genital Cutting (FGC). Describe types of GBV and FGC. Describe the effects and global situation of GBV and FGC.

BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

Gender Based Violence (GBV) & Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

Gender-based violence (GBV)

Gender-based violence is violence that is directed against a person on the basis of gender or sex. It includes acts that inflict:
Physical, Mental or Sexual harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty.

BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

Gender Based Violence (GBV) & Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

What GBV acts do you know of in your area? Are these common even accepted?

BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

Gender Based Violence (GBV) & Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

GBV in Ethiopia

Data is lacking to indicate Ethiopian national level prevalence with regard to GBV, According to EDHS 2005 the prevalence of:FGM is 74%, Marriage by Abduction 8% and 81% of Ethiopian women continue to believe that a husband is justified in beating his wife for one of the following reasons (burns food, argues with him, goes out without telling him, neglects the children, refuses to have sex with him)

BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

Gender Based Violence (GBV) & Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

Gender-based violence can be:

Sexual violence
Harassment Rape Sodomy Marital Rape Abuse/Exploitation Child Sexual Abuse/Incest

Sexual Abuse (nonpenetrating) Forced prostitution willing but involuntary, child prostitution, UAMs, Sexual Trafficking Harmful traditional practices

BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

Gender Based Violence (GBV) & Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

Gender-based violence can be: Contd

Physical
Spouse beating/ Domestic Violence Assault and other physical violence (gender-based) Harmful traditional practices

Emotional- mental psychologicalsocial

Verbal, emotional abuse Humiliation Discrimination Denial of opportunities and/or services Spouse confinement (domestic violence) Harmful traditional practices

BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

Economic Gender Based Violence (GBV) &

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Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

After-effects and outcomes of GBV:

Fatal Outcomes: Homicide, Suicide, Maternal Mortality, Infant Mortality, AIDS-related Not-fatal Outcomes: Acute physical, Chronic Physical, Reproductive (Miscarriage, Unwanted Pregnancy, Unsafe Abortion, STIs including HIV, Menstrual disorders, Pregnancy complications, Gynecological disorders, Sexual disorders ), Mental Health Emotional and psychosocial after-effects Social Consequences
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BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

Gender Based Violence (GBV) & Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING (FGC)

Female circumcision, also known as female genital cutting (FGC) or female genital mutilation (FGM) consists of all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or other nontherapeutic reasons.

BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

Gender Based Violence (GBV) & Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

WHO classification of female genital mutilation (FGM): 2008

Type I:

Partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (Clitoridectomy).

Type II: Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora (Excision).

BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

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Gender Based Violence (GBV) & Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

WHO classification of female genital mutilation (FGM): 2008; contd

Type III: Narrowing of the vaginal orifice with creation of a covering seal by cutting and appositioning the labia minora and/or the labia majora, with or without excision of the clitoris (Infibulation). Type IV: All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, for example: pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterization. BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Gender Based Violence (GBV) &
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Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

FGC and obstetric outcomes

According to a WHO study (Lancet 2006), deliveries to women who have undergone FGC are significantly more likely to be complicated by:Caesarean section, postpartum haemorrhage, episiotomy, extended maternal hospital stay, resuscitation of the infant, and inpatient perinatal death, than deliveries to women who have not had FGM Risks seem to be greater with more extensive FGM

BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

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Gender Based Violence (GBV) & Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

Summary

FGM has no health benefits, and it harms girls and women in many ways. Compared with women who had not undergone genital mutilation, those who had undergone FGC ran a significantly greater risk of requiring a caesarean section, an episiotomy and an extended stay in hospital, and also of suffering postpartum hemorrhage.

BEmONC LRP: Ethiopia Best Practices in Maternal and Newborn

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Gender Based Violence (GBV) & Female Genital Cutting (FGC)