Channel Coding

(Coding Concepts and Linear Block Codes)

Channel Coding
Channel coding techniques are used to improve the performance of a digital communications system These make the transmitted signals more reliant against the channel impairments

Coding Concepts and daily life examples

Its hard to work in a noisy room as it makes it harder to think. During a conversation how do you determine if you heard the other person correctly? Use context ,repeat or speak louder. Signals too can be misinterpreted in an environment that is noisy.

Error detection and correction (EDC)

Error detection and correction (EDC) to achieve good communication is also employed in electronic devices and in much the same conceptual way. The amount of EDC required and its effectiveness depends on the signal to noise ratio, or SNR.

Error detection and correction (EDC)

EDC can be implemented in following ways:

1. Increase signal power (speaking louder in a noisy

room, means both signal and noise are amplified , radio example)

2.

Introduce diversity (in wet and rainy areas, we often

have two ground stations separated by some distance, both receiving the same signal so as to increase the SNR, to improve signal quality by taking advantage of redundancy)

Error detection and correction (EDC)

3. Retransmission (a return acknowledgement and
retransmission, each block is checked by the receiver, and in case of errors, retransmission is requested.)

4. Forward Error Correction (When a duplex line is

not available or is not practical, receiver has no realtime contact with the transmitter, add redundancy)

Why go for FEC?

Retransmission is sometimes not possible if a reverse channel is not available or the delay with retransmission would be excessive. Increasing signal power is not always feasible. For diversity you need more antennas and so hardware costs increases. So we go for FEC which has a fairly simple transmitter as it has no real-time contact with receiver but it has a complex receiver.

Linear Block Codes

Block of k bits message word Block of n bits codeword k symbols are mapped to n symbols & n>k (n-k) symbols redundant symbols(parity symbols) If k large ,a table look up table implementation of encoder becomes prohibitive. Complexity reduced by generating only required code words with the help of a Generator Matrix.

Codeword Set
The allzeros vector is in codeword set. The sum of any two vectors in codeword set is also in codeword set (Closure property./Linear property)

Linear Block Codes (Systematic)

Systematic code means that the Message Symbols appear unaltered with the Parity Symbols in the codeword. An (n, k) linear systematic code is completely specified by a k n generator matrix of the following form. Codeword (Encoded Symbol): U = mG

Linear Block Code (6,3) Example

Linear Block Codes(Systematic)

The received vector is corrupted by noise over the channel and has an error. R= U +e Let H denote the parity check matrix, then H^t will enable us to decode the received vectors. For each (k x n) generator matrix G, there exists an (nk)x n matrix H.

Syndrome Testing
S= r H^t If Syndrome=0 (no-error) If Syndrome is non-zero then error.

Linear Block Code(6,3) Example

Linear Block Code (6,3) Example

So from the syndrome table we get to know that the 7th bit of the received sequence is in error. We flip that bit and get the correct bit sequence that was originally transmitted. Using a (6,3)Linear Block Code we can accurately detect and correct one bit error at the receiver.