NAGALAND

INTRODUCTION
o One of India's most colourful states is Nagaland, located on the eastern margin of the Himalayan range in Northeast India. o Nagaland is home to a range of colourful tribes, such as Sema,Angamies, Tangsas, Chakesangs, and so on o Nagas have a hoary past, which is reflected in the village patterns, locales and house constructions. o Nagas are hill dwellers and their settlements are highly inaccessible as they are located on hill slopes or the highest possible points along a hill slope due to the climatic factors o Climate was yet another factor which influenced Naga settlement pattern. o Naga village patterns differ from group to group, ranging from disperse, terrace to linear arrangement of houses.

ARCHITECTURE
o Most Naga houses contain a central living space, an entrance area. o In the living space the family sleeps, eats and lives and in the entrance area the guests are greeted and entertained. o Porches, anterooms and storage areas supplement the living space. o There are three basic types of houses found in Nagaland are earth floor, earth and raised floor and raised floor only. o The interior of Naga house is 3-5 m from floor to ridge. o Naga houses having no windows or the openings were kept to a minimum to retain as much heat within the house as possible ,the only light in an otherwise pitch dark interior come through the cracks in the bamboo walls and from the fire. o As a result the overall design of the house was kept simple, yet completely functional. o Its function not just extending to its activity space relation but its social and climatic context.

ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING MATERIALS USED :
o The primary construction materials were: TIMBER for structural elements, like the posts BAMBOO for walls and other structural elements THATCH as the roofing material.

ORNAMENTATION :
o The two bamboos forming the gable were prolonged beyond the roof to form horns called the tenhaku - ki (snail horns). o These were sometimes decorated with bamboo tassels and imitations of birds. o The Semas did not decorate their houses like other tribes - or at least not as much. o They usually adorned their houses with the heads of game or Mithan heads which the owner slaughtered. o Sometimes, in the chiefs house, human heads were also hung as trophies.

SEMA NAGA TRADITIONAL DWELLING

o The interior of the Sema house was ordinarily divided into four parts The Akishekhoh - or front room where the rice pounding tables were kept. The Abidelabo - a narrow room between the Akishekhoh and the Amiphokiboh (hearth room) where the unmarried girls of the household sleep. The Akuzu-Abo - where the head of the family (father) and his wife sleeps. The Azhi-Bo - the liquor room where rice beer is stored in bamboo jugs.

SEMA NAGA TRADITIONAL DWELLING

o At the back of the house is a backdoor which usually leads to a small kitchen garden.

FEATURES
The steep slope of the roof ensured that no water could seep in through the gaps between the thatch and enter the house. The fireplace was situated in the living quarters which helped in raising comfort levels within these spaces.

The sloped roofs worked beautifully in keeping the interiors dry.

MIZORAM

ARCHITECTURE
MIZO HOUSE
o The houses built predominantly uses bamboo and wood in their construction. o Most of the houses are built on the slopes and are invariably supported by wooden posts of varied lengths, so that the house is balanced horizontally with the level of the road. o Cross beams are fastened against these posts and over the beams long solid bamboos are laid. o Bamboo matting is then laid over the bamboo frame, which forms the floor of the house. o The walls of the house are also made up of bamboo matting fastened to the outer posts. o The roof consists of solid as well as split bamboo frames covered with thick thatch and some other kind of leaves. o Cane is generally used for keeping the joints together and in some cases, iron nails are also used. o In case where the floor of the house is much above the ground, a ladder made entirely of a piece of log is placed across the intervening space between the floor of the house and the ground. o The doors and windows are usually of bamboo matting and these are fastened against the wall. o It may be noted that in some cases the floor, doors and windows are made of wooden planks, while in others split bamboos are used instead.

ARCHITECTURE
o The interior of the house is a single rectangular structure. o It is partitioned into a number of rooms according to the convenience by screens made of bamboo matting or with a cloth fixed to bamboo or wooden frame. o In houses where both married and unmarried persons live together, separate sleeping apartments are made by partition as described above. o The hearth is always at one corner of the house usually near the front floor. o It is made of clay and stones and is raised about 2-3 ft above the floor supported by raised poles. o Above the fire place is hung a bamboo frame which is kept suspended to keep various things used in cooking as dried chillies, dry fish, salt, etc.

ARCHITECTURE

MEGHALAYA

INTRODUCTION

ARCHITECTURE
o Garo houses called nokachik are long bamboo structures built on wooden posts varying from 10 to 45 metres in length and 3 to 7 metres in width. o Built in the dry season, locally grown bamboo and cane, timber of rubber trees and dried palm leaves are used in their construction. o The house has several rooms, arranged in a long row between the open porch at the valley end and the balim, verandah, at ground level where sometimes a cow is tied on one side. o The living room called dongrama has an ongare, fireplace, in the centre that has a mud plinth and a smoking shelf above to preserve baskets and food items. o A toilet is attached to the living room. o Besides these, it has a bedroom, kitchen, and aleng, porch, used for o pounding rice.

ARCHITECTURE
o Each man builds his own house, assisted by the villagers and women, the main construction work done by youngsters under the supervision of the elders to ensure that the valuable traditional knowledge is passed on to them. o The main feature of the houses is in the extensive use of bamboo in the structure and building of the internal dividers, a shelf and the framework of matrix of bamboo poles for the walls. o The walls and floor of the house are made of wide mats woven from flattened bamboo boards, structurally stabilised to support the mats. o The chiefs house, bachelors dormitory, granary and a tree-top watchtower are other structures built by the Garo.

ARCHITECTURE

ASSAM

ARCHITECTURE
ASSAM TYPE HOUSE BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE o Before the British the building constructed by kings were very uneconomical and the construction system were very difficult. o It is not possible for common peoples. o The house of the common people were of thatch roof with bamboo walls plastered with a mixture of mud and cow dung. o The British were studied the local environment and local building materials and accordingly designed comfortable and beautiful buildings. o They had started a special type of construction, which finally become the typical building type and called assam type house

ARCHITECTURE
o The building is of two storied house. o Building is symetrical on both side. o 1st floor is connected with a timber stair case. o Open spaces in front (chotal) and back side (bari) of the house. WALLS o Walls are of timber frame work, inside those panels ikara used to fill. o These ikaras are cut in size of the panel and laid vertically. o The horizontal members usually bamboo. o After putting the ikara it is left to dry for few days. o Then it is plastered in both side with mud mortar. o 3 layers of plaster are done alternatively after dying of each coat.

ARCHITECTURE
ROOF o Roof layout is very critical. o It is in various level and multi-cornered. o But the angle of inclination is same. o Roof is of corrugated iron sheet. o Sheets are fixed in timber purlin by nail. o Rubber washer is used to protect the rain drop penetration through the side of the nail. FLOORING o Flooring is of cement flooring. o Accommodation of dust coming from the street in all rooms in the front side CEILING o Made of wooden beams. o Wooden members are stick very close to each other. o Supported by vertical wooden /steel column.

Section of the plinth

ARCHITECTURE
SPECIAL FEATURES Front facade o Contains large no of openings. o Sheds are provided, restrict rain fall. o Better ventilation in front rooms. o Sill level of the window is about 60 cm only o Roof is of sloping from to provide shed durng rain o Plinth level of about 60-70 cm. o 10 mts of open space infront of the house.

Fixing of steel pillars with nuts and bolts

From finished floor level the walls are of half brick thick brick walls up to a ht. 60 cm.

The plinth is made of one brick thick brick wall

ARCHITECTURE
A TYPICAL PLAN

ARCHITECTURE
A TYPICAL ELEVATION

ARCHITECTURE
MISSING HOUSE o The Brahmaputra is the largest river system in northeastern India and its valley is home to the Mising tribe of Assam. o They have always settled on the banks of rivers. o The name of the tribe itself suggests that they are riverine people, Mi means the people & shing stands for water. o The Mising people build long, rectangular houses i.e Saang Ghar mainly with bamboo - detailed out to combat the heavy monsoons. o The floor of the house is a bamboo weave that allows the water of a flood to flow in, rather than keep it out. o This is an important principle of sustainable development. o It has a thatched top and is patterned simply like the letter I . o It is built usually with wooden posts, beams, trusses and supporting forks, but bamboo is used extensively for flooring and roofing. etc.

ARUNACHAL PRADESH

INTRODUCTION

ARCHITECTURE