Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood

Chapter 8

Erik Eriksons Stage-Initiative vs. Guilt

Psychological conflict of Early Childhood Resolved positively through play experiences that foster healthy sense of initiative and development of conscience that is not overly strict Play is important to preschoolers

Phallic Stage-Freud
Sexual impulses transfer to genital region of body Oedipus Conflict-boy desires to posses mother and hostile towards father Electra conflict-girl desires to posses father and feels hostile toward mother

Self Concept

Sum of total attributes, abilities, attitudes and values that an individual believes to help define who he/she is Preschoolers-describe self using concrete terms (name, physical appearance, possession, and everyday behaviors) Can describe emotions, and beliefs and attitudes by 3 . Firmer sense of self allows for cooperation

Self-Esteem
Preschoolers usually rate on abilities as extremely high and underestimate difficulty of task. Desire to master new skills Even a little criticism can undermine a preschoolers self-esteem and enthusiasm for learning

Emotional Development
Rise in self-conscious emotions such as shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy and pride Preschoolers can interpret, predict, and change others feeling Fears are common Vivid imaginations

Empathy
Begins to develop at this age Modeled after parents response to emotional event

Partens types of play

Nonsocial activity- unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play Parallel play-child plays near other children with similar materials but does not interact with them Associative play-children are engaged in separate activities but they interact by exchanging toys and commenting on one anothers behavior Cooperative play-occurs when childrens actions are directed toward a common goal

Sociodramatic play
Role play and dramatic play Common during preschool years

First Friendships
Important in these years to social emotional development Friendship-pleasurable play and sharing of toys-no long term enduring qualities at this time

Discipline
Positive reinforcement-model appropriate behavior, consistency with rules, warm and responsive Punishment-can promote momentary compliance Harsh punishment-models aggression, avoidance of punishing adult, should be avoided

Alternatives to Punishment
Time-out Withdrawal of privileges Positive discipline

Gender Typing
Developing gender roles Age 2 children can label on gender and of other persons Family teachers and peers and television can influence gender typing with preschoolers

Parenting Styles

Authoritative-rational, democratic approach Happy, self-confident, and self-control in child Authoritarian- demanding and low in responsive to childrens needs. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy and hostile Permissive-undemanding immature, have difficulty controlling impulses, overly demanding and depended on adults