CHEMISTRY FOR MUD ENGINEERS

WHO NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT CHEMISTRY?

Chemistry
Chemistry is the branch of science which seeks to answer the questions: 1. What are substances composed of ?
2. How are their properties related to their composition ? 3. How does one substance interact with another and with energy ?

Matter
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter may exist in any one of three states - solid, liquid or gas.
Ice Water Steam Solid Liquid Gas

Classification of Matter
Homogeneous Heterogeneous

A Pure Substance

A Mixture of Pure Substances

Pure Substance
Matter which cannot be separated into other substances by physical means; any part of a pure substance has the same color, melting point, specific gravity, etc.
- Table salt is a pure substance - Butter is a mixture

Compound
A substance which can be resolved into two or more simpler substances. Examples: Silver Nitrate Barium Sulfate Calcium Hydroxide Hydrogen Oxide

Sulfuric Acid Hydrogen Sulfide Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Carbonate

Decomposition
In chemical decomposition a substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances.

EXAMPLE 2KClO3 + Heat 2KCl + 3O2

Potassium + Heat Chlorate Potassium + Oxygen Chloride

Elements
Some substances cannot be decomposed by methods to decompose compounds, and they cannot be produced by combinations of other substances in ordinary chemical changes. These substances are called elements.

Atom

The smallest unit into which an

element can be divided and still retain its identity as that element.

. . . .. ...

Atomic Number

The number of

protons in an atoms nucleus

. . . .. ...

N P P

Atomic Weight
The relative weight of an element as compared with one atom of carbon using 12.0000 as the weight of one atom of carbon - 12.
EXAMPLE: Atomic weight of sodium is 22.990

Elements of Interest to the Mud Engineer

Name Aluminum Barium Calcium Carbon Chromium Chlorine Hydrogen Magnesium Nitrogen Oxygen Potassium Silicon Silver Sodium Sulphur Symbol Al Ba Ca C Cr Cl H Mg N O K Si Ag Na S Valence 3 2 2 2, 4 3, 6 1, 3, 5, 7 1 2 3, 5 2 1 4 1 1 2, 4, 6 Atomic N 13 56 20 6 24 17 1 12 7 8 19 14 47 11 16 Atomic Wt 26.982 137.33 40.08 12.011 51.996 35.453 1.0079 24.305 14.007 15.999 39.098 28.0855 107.868 22.990 32.06

Atoms Have Valence

Valence is defined as a number which represents the number of atoms of hydrogen or its equivalent that will combine with, or be replaced by, the atom in question. The outer ring of planetary electrons are called the valence electrons because they take part in chemical change.

Atoms Have Valence

Atoms have either positive (+) or negative (-) valence.
When the outermost orbit contains a small amount of electrons, they tend to give up electrons (positive valence). When the outer orbit is nearly full of electrons, they tend to want to fill the orbit or receive electrons (negative valence). Depending on the amount of electron transfer, the bond is ionic or covalent.

Sodium has a single electron in the outer shell. This electron can be lost or shared in chemical reaction. Thus, sodium has a positive valence of 1. Chlorine needs a single electron to complete the outer shell. Thus, it needs to gain one electron for stability and therefore has a negative valence of 1. It is easy to see that one atom of sodium will combine with only one atom of chlorine to form one molecule of sodium chloride. The chemical formula for salt (NaCl) describes the molecule and defines the number and kinds of atoms in the atomic structure.

+ S O D I U M ( N a )

C H L O R I N E ( C l )

1 1 P

1 7 P

Take calcium and chlorine. Combined, 1 calcium reacts with 2 chlorine atoms to form CaCl2.
Calcium, Ca, Atomic No. 20

2 0 P

1 7 P

1 7 P

Chlorine, Cl, Atomic No. 17

Ions
+ CATIONS Positively charged ions Completely gives away electrons ANIONS Negatively charged ions Completely takes electrons

Covalent Bond
When electrons are shared between atoms to form a bond. Each hydrogen has equal affinity for electrons, so one cannot take an electron from the other. However, they can share electrons.

H + H H : H
+ +

+ +

Molecule
The smallest unit in which a compound can exist and still retain the properties of that

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

compound.
Molecules are held

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

together with covalent bonds.

Solubility
.. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. ... . ... . . . . .. . . . . ... ... .. . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....

The measurement of the

quantity of solute that will dissolve in a quantity of solvent to give a saturated

solution.

Solvent
The substance that does the dissolving.

Example:
Water (H2O)
Water

Solute
The substance that is dissolved.

Example:
Salt (NaCl)

Salt

Solution
+ N a C l

A true solution cannot be filtered out.

N a
-

C l + N a

Examples: NaCl + HOH NaOH + HOH

C l

Solubility is a Function of:

Temperature
pH

Pressure
Other ions present

Solubility of Compounds as a Function of Temperature

Compound Ca(OH)2 KCl NaCl CaSO4 2H2O CaCl2 CaCO3 0C 0.185 27.6 35.7 0.176 59.5 -20C 0.165 34.0 36.0 0.202 74.5 0.0012 40C 0.141 40.0 36.6 0.210 115.3 -60C 0.116 45.5 37.3 0.197 136.8 -80C 0.094 51.1 38.4 0.182 147.0 -100C 0.077 56.7 39.8 0.162 159.0 0.002

(Grams of compound per 100 grams of water)

pH
Measurement of the hydrogen ion
concentration.

1 pH = log [H+]

In one liter of pure water the H+ and OHion concentrations are the same.

1 x 10-7
1 x 10-7

= H+ ions
= OH- ions
H+

OHH+

OH+ H OH-

The product of the H+ ion and OH- ion

concentrations in pure water or any

water solution is always 1 x 10-14.

-7 10

-7 10

-14 10

pH / Pf - Alkalinity
The effect of using caustic soda alone to increase the pH (with no alkalinity due to carbonates or bicarbonates):

pH 9 10 11 12 13 14

NaOH, ppb 0.00014 0.0014 0.014 0.14 1.4 14.0

Pf 0.0005 0.005 0.05 0.5 5.0 50.0

OH, ppm 0.17 1.7 17.0 170.0 1,700.0 17,000.0

NOTE: Each time the concentration of NaOH goes up by a factor of 10, the pH goes up one unit.

Acids and Bases

Strength of an acid is simply a measure of its ability to liberate hydrogen ions Strength of a base depends on its generation of hydroxyl ions

Acid
Substance which furnishes H+ ions.

Examples:

H+ H + H+
H+ H+ H+

HCl
H2SO4

H+ H+

Strong Acids
Hydrochloric HCl

Sulfuric
Nitric

H2SO4
HNO3

Phosphoric H3PO4 - Moderate weak

Carbonic H2CO3 - Weak acid

Base

Substance which furnishes OH- ions.

OH-

OH-

OHOH OH OH-

OH-

Examples: NaOH Ca(OH)2

Strong Bases

Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide Calcium Hydroxide

NaOH
KOH Ca(OH)2

Salt
Product of the reaction of an acid and a base.

Examples:
NaCl

CaCO3

OHOH OHOHOHOH-

H+ H+ H+ H+ + H H+ + H + H

ACID HCl

+ +

BASE NaOH Ca(OH)2

H2CO3 +

SALT NaCl CaCO

+ WATER + H 2O + 2H2O

Buffer Action

The ability of the salt of a weak acid to tie up hydrogen ions in the form of molecules of the weak acid and

the ability of the salt of a weak base

to tie up hydroxyl ions as molecules of

the weak base.

Example:
Carbonate / Bicarbonate Buffer
O
C O O O H H O O H

O
H OH

CO32-

HCO3-

Both Exist !
Adding acid just changes CO32- HCO3- ; the potential for HCO3- to give up its proton determines pH

When an ionic

substance goes into

solution, it forms an

Cl-

electrolyte.

Na+ Na+ Cl+ Na Cl-

Solubility as a Function of pH
For most M-I products, as the pH increases, the solubility increases.

pH

Solubility
Two exceptions are Ca(OH)2 and CaCl2

Solubility
An increase in temperature generally increases the solubility of a solid-inliquid and also a liquid-in-liquid
Gases become less soluble at higher temperatures, but more soluble at higher pressures

Titrating

Using a standard solution of known concentration and volume to determine the concentration of an unknown sample of known volume

Normality

A solution that contains 1 gram equivalent of a substance per liter of solution

Example: One normal HCl is 36.5 grams per liter of solution. One normal H2SO4 is 49 grams per liter of solution, because H2SO4 has TWO protons

Indicator

A substance having the unique property of changing color when the target ion concentration of the solution

reaches a certain value.

Alkalinity
The measurement of: Hydroxides Carbonates Bicarbonates
Occasionally: Borates Phosphates Sulfides

Pf Test for Alkalinity

2OH- + CO3= + HCO3- + 2H+

phenolphthalein

OH- + 2 HCO3- + H2O

Mf Test for Alkalinity

HCO3- + 2H+

methyl orange

H2CO3 + H2O

Pm Test for Alkalinity

OH- + CO3= + Ca(OH)2 + 2H+

(a solid)

phenolphthalein

H2O + 2HCO3- + 2OH- + Ca++

Double Displacement
These are reactions where the metal atoms
exchange places. Example: NaCl + AgNO3
Silver Nitrate

AgCl
Silver Chloride

+
+

NaNO3
Sodium Nitrate

Sodium + Chloride

Chloride Determination
(mg/l Cl-)

Cl- + AgNO3

potassium chromate

AgCl + NO3-

Total Hardness

2(X)H2 +

Ca++

Mg++

buffer Cal Magite

(X) Ca + (X) Mg + 4H+

Standard Versenate (EDTA)

C10H14N2O8Na2

For simplicity,
EDTA will be referred to as (X) H2

Titration for Calcium

Ca++ + Mg++ + OH- + Calcon + EDTA

Mg(OH) 2

+ EDTA (Ca)

Other Available Titrations

K+ Ca++

SO3= SO4=

CrO4= PO4=

NO2NO3-

S=
CO3=

ZnCO3

SUMMARY:

Products Cations Ions Solubility Reactions Alkalinity Vs pH Hydroxyls Carbonates Bicarbonates