MW Planning Introduction

Internal use only
MW Network Planning Introduction
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
All rights reserved
Content
1 2
What is Microwave Communication
Advantage & Disadvantage of MW Microwave Link Design Planning Service overview Process and Activities
3
4 5
Huawei Confidential
Page 2
What is Microwave Communication

A communication system that utilizes the radio frequency band spanning 2 to 60 GHz. As per IEEE, electromagnetic waves between 30 and 300 GHz are called millimeter waves (MMW) instead of microwaves as their wavelengths are about 1 to 10mm. Small capacity systems generally employ the frequencies less than 3 GHz while medium and large capacity systems utilize frequencies ranging from 3 to 15 GHz. Frequencies > 15 GHz are essentially used for short-haul transmission.
Huawei Confidential
Page 3
Advantage of Microwave
Links across mountains and rivers are more economically feasible Single point installation and maintenance Single point security
They are quickly deployed
Disadvantage of Microwave
More affected by atmospheric conditions Limited capacity compared to optical fiber Line of sight must be clear between both ends of the link
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4
Microwave Link Design

Microwave Link Design is a methodical, systematic and sometimes lengthy process that includes:
Loss/attenuation calculations
Fading and fade margins calculations Quality and availability calculations
Frequency planning and interference calculations
Huawei Confidential
Page 5
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

The whole process is iterative and may go through many redesign phases before the required quality and availability are achieved.
Propagation losses Branching losses Other Losses Rain attenuation DiffractionMultipath refraction losses propagation Interference analysis
Link Budget
Fading Predictions
Frequency Planning
Quality and Availability Calculations
Huawei Confidential
Page 6

Loss / Attenuation Calculations The loss/attenuation calculations are composed of three main contributions
Propagation losses: Due to Earths atmosphere and terrain.
Branching losses: Comes from the hardware used to deliver the
transmitter/receiver output to/from the antenna
Miscellaneous (other) losses: Unpredictable like fog, moving objects crossing

the path, poor equipment installation and imperfect antenna alignment etc. *
* This contribution is not calculated but is considered in the planning process as an additional loss
Huawei Confidential
Page 7

Rain attenuation Calculations
Rain attenuation is the main contributor in the frequency range used by commercial radio links Rain attenuation increases exponentially with rain intensity The specific attenuation of rain is dependent on many parameters such as the form and size of distribution of the raindrops, polarization, rain intensity and frequency Horizontal polarization gives more rain attenuation than vertical polarization
Rain attenuation increases with frequency and becomes a major contributor in the frequency bands above 10 GHz
The contribution due to rain attenuation is not included in the link budget and is used only in the calculation of rain fading
Huawei Confidential
Page 8

Ground Reflection Calculations
Reflection on the Earths surface may give rise to multipath propagation. The direct ray at the receiver may interfered with by the ground-reflected ray and the reflection loss can be significant. Since the refraction properties of the atmosphere are constantly changing the reflection loss varies. The reflection coefficient is dependent on the frequency, grazing angle (angle between the ray beam and the horizontal plane), polarization and ground properties. It is recommended to avoid ground reflection by shielding the path against the indirect ray. The contribution resulting from reflection loss is not automatically included in the link budget. When reflection cannot be avoided, the fade margin may be adjusted by including this contribution as additional loss in the link budget.
Huawei Confidential
Page 9

Link Budget Calculations
The link budget is a calculation involving the gain and loss factors associated with the antennas, transmitters, transmission lines and propagation environment, to determine the maximum distance at which a transmitter and receiver can successfully operate. Receiver sensitivity threshold is the minimum signal level that can be received. System gain depends on the modulation used (2PSK, 4PSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM,128QAM,256QAM) and on the design of the radio.
The gains from the antenna at each end are added to the system gain (larger antennas provide a higher gain).
The free space loss of the radio signal is subtracted. The longer the link the higher the loss. These calculations give the fade margin.
Huawei Confidential
Page 10

Link Budget Calculations (Cont.)
Receive Signal Level (RSL) RSL = Po Lctx + Gatx Lcrx + Gatx FSL
Link feasibility formula RSL Rx (receiver sensitivity threshold)

Po = output power of the transmitter (dBm) Lctx, Lcrx = Loss (cable, connectors, branching unit) between transmitter/receiver and antenna(dB) Gatx = gain of transmitter/receiver antenna (dBi) FSL = free space loss (dB)
The fade margin is calculated with respect to the receiver threshold level for a given bit-error rate (BER).The radio can handle anything that affects the radio signal within the fade margin but if it is exceeded, then the link could go down and therefore become unavailable.
Huawei Confidential
Page 11

Link Budget Calculations (Cont.)
waveguide Transmitter 1 Splitter Splitter Receiver 2 Propagation Losses Antenna Gain Transmitter 2
Receiver 1
Output Power (Tx)
Branching Losses
Branching Losses Received Power (Rx) Fade Margin
Receiver threshold Value

Page 12
Huawei Confidential

Types of Fading affecting MW links
Fading is defined as the variation of the strength of a received radio carrier signal due to atmospheric changes and/or ground and water reflections in the propagation path.
Three fading types are considered while planning MW links:

Multipath fading Flat fading Frequency-selective fading Rain fading Refraction-diffraction fading (k-type fading)
Huawei Confidential
Page 13

Types of Fading affecting MW links (Cont.)
(1) Multipath Fading:
Multipath Fading is the dominant fading mechanism for frequencies lower than 10GHz. A reflected wave causes a multipath, i.e. when a reflected wave reaches the receiver as the direct wave that travels in a straight line from the transmitter If the two signals reach in phase then the signal amplifies. This is called up-fade If the two waves reach the receiver out of phase they weaken the overall signal. A location where a signal is canceled out by multipath is called null or down-fade As a thumb rule, multipath fading, for radio links having bandwidths less than 40MHz and path lengths less than 30Km is described as flat instead of frequency selective
Huawei Confidential
Page 14

(1-a) Multipath Fading (Flat fading):
A fade where all frequencies in the channel are equally affected.
If necessary flat fade margin of a link can be improved by using larger antennas, a higher-power microwave transmitter, lower loss feed line and splitting a longer path into two shorter hops
On water paths at frequencies above 3 GHz, it is advantageous to choose vertical polarization
(1-b) Multipath Fading (Frequency Selective fading):

There are amplitude and group delay distortions across the channel bandwidth. It affects medium and high capacity radio links (>32 Mbps)
Modern digital radios are very robust and immune to spectrum- distorting fade activity. Only a major error in path engineering (wrong antenna or misalignment) over the high-clearance path could cause dispersive fading problems

(2) Rain Fading:
Rain attenuates the signal caused by the scattering and absorption of electromagnetic waves by rain drops. It is significant for long paths (>10Km). It starts increasing at about 10GHz and for frequencies above 15 GHz, rain fading is the dominant fading mechanism. Rain outage increases dramatically with frequency and then with path length. Microwave path lengths must be reduced in areas where rain outages are severe Hence a margin is included to compensate for the effects of rain at a given level of availability. Increased fade margin (margins as high as 45 to 60dB) is of some help in rainfall attenuation fading.
Huawei Confidential
Page 16

(2) Rain Fading How to reduce?:
Multipath fading is at its minimum during periods of heavy rainfall with well aligned dishes, so entire path fade margin is available to combat the rain attenuation. When permitted, cross-band diversity is very effective. Route diversity with paths separated by more than about 8 Km can be used successfully. Radios with Automatic Transmitter Power Control have been used in some highly vulnerable links. Vertical polarization is far less susceptible to rainfall attenuation (40 to 60%) than are horizontal polarization frequencies.
Huawei Confidential
Page 17

(3) Refraction Diffraction Fading:
Also known as k-type fading.
For low k values, the Earths surface becomes curved and terrain irregularities, man-made structures and other objects may intercept the Fresnel Zone.
For high k values, the Earths surface gets close to a plane surface and better LOS(lower antenna height) is obtained. The probability of refraction-diffraction fading is therefore indirectly connected to obstruction attenuation for a given value of Earth radius factor. Since the Earth-radius factor is not constant, the probability of refraction-diffraction fading is calculated based on cumulative distributions of the Earth-radius factor.
Huawei Confidential
Page 18

Frequency Planning in MW links
The objective of frequency planning is to assign frequencies to a network using as few frequencies as possible and in a manner such that the quality and availability of the radio link path is minimally affected by interference.
Frequency Band classification (Tables).

The following aspects are the basic considerations involved in the assignment of radio frequencies: Determining a frequency band that is suitable for the specific link (path length, site location, terrain topography and atmospheric effects) Prevention of mutual interference such as interference among radio frequency channels in the actual path, interference to and from other radio paths, interference to and from satellite communication systems Correct selection of a frequency band allows the required transmission capacity while efficiently utilizing the available radio frequency spectrum
Huawei Confidential
Page 19

Frequency Planning in MW links (Cont.)
Frequency channel arrangements: The available frequency band is subdivided into two halves, a lower (go) and an upper (return) duplex half. The duplex spacing is always sufficiently large so that the radio equipment can operate interference free under duplex operation. The width of each channel depends on the capacity of the radio link and the type of modulation used The most important goal of frequency planning is to allocate available channels to the different links in the network without exceeding the quality and availability objectives of the individual links because of radio interference. Frequency planning of a few paths can be carried out manually but, for larger networks, it is highly recommended to employ a software transmission design tool. One such vendor independent tool is Pathloss 4.0. This tool is probably one of the best tools for complex microwave design.
Huawei Confidential
Page 20

Frequency planning for different network topologies Chain/cascade configuration
f1 HP U f1 VP L F1 VP U
Ring configuration
f1 HP U f1 VP U
L f1 VP U
f1 HP f1 VP L L f1 VP
U f2 VP f1 HP L f1 HP f1 HP f2 VP U U U
Star configuration
Huawei Confidential
Page 21

Interference Fade Margin: To accurately predict the performance of a digital radio path, the effect of interference must be considered. Interference in microwave systems is caused by the presence of an undesired signal in a receiver. When this undesired signal exceeds certain limiting values, the quality of the desired received signal is affected. To maintain reliable service, the ratio of the desired received signal to the (undesired) interfering signal should always be larger than the threshold value. Thus, after performing interference analysis we must check the interference effect on the FM.
Huawei Confidential
Page 22

Quality & Availability targets
The quality & availability targets is determined based on the customers used KPI.
Case (1) in case we use reliability method ITU-R P.530-7/8):

Example for KPI in this case: 1-Availability(needs to be 99.999 for rain and multipath and the total one). 2-Fade Margin should be more than or equal to 30dB. 3-May be customer ask for specific received signal. Case (2) In case we use reliability method KQ S (1.3) Example for KPI in this case: 1-the WORST MONTH SESR should be less than 10^-6 and so the seconds/month should less than 20 seconds. The Fade Margin should be more than 30dB. The Minutes /Year should less than 3 min in PDH and less than 0.5 min in SDH.

Improving MW system
Hardware Redundancy Hot standby protection Diversity Improvement Space Diversity Frequency Diversity Route Diversity Repeaters Active repeaters Passive repeaters
Huawei Confidential
Page 24

Basic Recommendations:
Use higher frequency bands for shorter hops and lower frequency bands for longer hops Avoid lower frequency bands in urban areas Use star and hub configurations for smaller networks and ring configuration for larger networks Use protected systems (1+1) for all important and/or high-capacity links Leave enough spare capacity for future expansion of the system Space diversity is a very expensive way of improving the performance of the microwave link and it should be used carefully and as a last resort The activities of microwave path planning and frequency planning preferably should be performed in parallel with line of sight activities and other network design activities for best efficiency.
Huawei Confidential
Page 25

Basic Recommendations (Cont.):
Use updated maps that are not more than a year old. The terrain itself can change drastically in a very short time period. Make sure everyone on the project is using the same maps, datum's and coordinate systems.
Perform detailed path surveys on ALL microwave hops. Maps are used only for initial planning, as a first approximation.
Below 10 GHz , multipath outage increases rapidly with path length. It also increases with frequency , climatic factors and average annual temperature. Multipath effect can be reduced with higher fade margin. If the path has excessive path outage (low availability) the performance can be improved by using one of the diversity methods. In areas with lots of rain, use the lowest frequency band allowed for the project. Microwave hops over or in the vicinity of the large water surfaces and flat land areas can cause severe multipath fading. Reflections may be avoided by selecting sites that are shielded from the reflected rays.
Huawei Confidential
Page 26
Planning Service overview

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Launch
Number of Sites
High Level Design

Contract Agreement
33
36
39
42
45
48
Survey
Acceptance Testing
Microwave Network Design
Link Commissi on Equipment Installation
Frequency Scanning Low Level Design Low Level Design (Service Design)
(Air Interface)
Huawei Confidential
Page 27
Planning Service overview - Main Activities

High Level Design
KPI
Antenna Installation Height Microwave Backbone Transmission Equipment Selection Mode Protection Mode Microwave BOQ Risks Factor Microwave Frequency Selection Geographic and Climatic Information
Site Capacity Requirement Attributive Relation
High Level Design

Link Info Table Technical Proposal Microwave BOQ Design Guideline
Huawei Confidential
Page 28

LOS: Line of Sight
Using high-definition satellite data to generate the terrain profile data. On-site LOS survey is also a way to get the info.
Sketch map
Huawei Confidential
Page 29

Frequency ScanningOptional
RF Cable 2dB RF Cable 2dB
Horn Antenna
Pre-Amplifier Min. Gain 23.5dB Noise Fig. Level 8.5dB
Spectrum Analyzer
Service Background:

Crowded Frequency Channels Poor Spectrum Supervision
Typical Antenna Gain 10.6dB
Reading
Benefit:
Better network quality Avoid Equipment Reinstallation Avoid interfering to existing MW Links. 0 Degree Picture & Spectrum Scanned Result

Link Budget Design
TX/RX Power
Net Path Loss Annual Availability Other Link Parameters
Huawei Confidential
Page 31

Frequency and Interference Analysis
Frequency Design
Polarization Design
High Low Site Design Interference HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Calculation
Huawei Confidential Page 32

AM Design
Adaptive Modulation
Bandwidth
99.9%
256QAM 128QAM 64QAM QPSK 32QAM 16QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Voice Service
Outage: 525.60min
Outage: 262.80min Outage: 52.56min Outage: 26.28min Outage: 10.51min Outage: 5.25min
99.95%
99.99%
HSDPA
99.995% 99.998%
GSM/R99 HSDPA
99.999%
Time High priority services (Voice), full insurance of bandwidth. Low priority services (like internet data )
AM: Adaptive Modulation KPI calculation for different modulation mode. QoS Design for different service

Packet Service Design Service Accessing Design
TDM E1 ATM ETH PW 10 PW 14 PW 15 Tunnel FE/GE over MW Link over Fiber
Tunnel Design VLAN Design PW Design QoS Design
More Details
Service Classification->Scheduling Module->Traffic Bandwidth Limitation-> Drop Policy

Process and Activities

Start up High Level Design Survey
Frequency Scanning Optional
LLD: AirInterface
LLD: Service
Network Impleme ntation
Activities Topology Plan Frequency Plan Capacity Plan NM & DCN Plan Create: HLD Report BOQ
Activities Site Survey LOS Survey Create: Survey Report
Activities Frequency Scanning Create: Scanning Report
Naming Design IP Addressing Design Tunnel Design Service Access Design Synchronization Design OAM Design High Availability Design QoS Design Network Security Design
Activities HLD Review/ Redesign Link Design Link Budget Calculation Create: LLD Report (Air Interface)
Activities TDM Service Design Hybrid Service Design Packet Service Design NM & DCN Design Create: LLD Report (Service Part)
Huawei Confidential
Page 35
Security Level:
Thank you
www.huawei.com
Huawei Confidential

MW Planning Introduction

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

MW Planning Introduction

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Internal use only

MW Network Planning Introduction

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

What is Microwave Communication

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

They are quickly deployed

Microwave Link Design

Frequency planning and interference calculations

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

Quality and Availability Calculations

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

Miscellaneous (other) losses: Unpredictable like fog, moving objects crossing

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

Link feasibility formula RSL Rx (receiver sensitivity threshold)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

Output Power (Tx)

Branching Losses Received Power (Rx) Fade Margin

Receiver threshold Value

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

Three fading types are considered while planning MW links:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

(1-b) Multipath Fading (Frequency Selective fading):

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

Frequency Band classification (Tables).

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

Case (1) in case we use reliability method ITU-R P.530-7/8):

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Microwave Link Design (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Planning Service overview

High Level Design