CHAPTER 4

MATTER & SUBSTANCE

 Ions are atoms or particles which have charge Ions are produced when the number of protons ( + charge) & the number of electrons ( - charge) are not balanced Positive ions = particles that are positively charged = produced when the number of protons is more than the number of electrons

 Negative ions = particles that are negatively charged = produced when the number of electrons is more than the number of protons.

4.3 PROTON NUMBER & NUCLEON NUMBER IN ATOMS OF ELEMENTS

Elements can be differentiated by referring to their proton number Proton number is the number of protons in an atom of an element Proton number = number of protons = number of electrons (in a neutral atom)

 Nucleon number is the total number of protons & neutrons in an atom of an element Nucleon number = number of protons + number of neutrons = proton number + number of neutrons >> the number of neutrons in an atom can be ca,culated if its proton number & nucleon number are known

Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that possess the same number of protons but different number of neutrons Isotopes can also be defined as atoms of the same element with the same proton number but different nucleon number. Isotopes of the same elements possess the same chemical properties The physical properties of isotopes are different

Application of purification method

1) Distillation and crystallisation are often used to obtain pure substances 2) These purification methods have produced many substances for our daily needs 3) Examples of the application of distillation : a) breaking crude petroleum b) production of pure water or distilled water c) production of pure oxygen

d) Obtaining pure ethanol from fermentation of sugar solution and yeast Examples of the application of crystallisation : a) Production of salt from sea water b) Preparation of white sugar crystals from sugarcane juice

4.8 Existence and uses of various propersties of substances

Various properties of substances are beneficial to humans. Among these are : a) Ductility enables metals like copper and aluminium to be stretched to become wire b) Malleability enables utensils like knife, pot,spoon and fork to be made c) Electrical conductivity of some metals enables electrical wire to be made

c) Electrical conductivity of some metals enables electrical wire to be made d) Tensile strenght enables bridges to be built e) Nitrogenous compound which easily dissolves in water is used to make fertilise.