College of Engineering, Pune (COEP)

Classification of Heat Exchangers
Introduction A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid, at different temperatures and in thermal contact. Typical applications involve heating or cooling of a fluid stream of concern and evaporation or condensation of single- or multi-component fluid streams.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering, Pune (COEP)

Forerunners in Technical Education
According to fluid interaction 1. Direct transfer type or simply recuperators: Fluids nonmixing 2. Indirect transfer type or simply regenerators: Fluids mix in presence of matrix According to heat exchange 1. Sensible heat exchanger 2. Latent heat exchanger: Boiler/condenser

According to Transfer process A) Direct contact type a) Liquid vapour b) Gas Liquid c) Immiscible fluids B) Indirect contact type a) Direct transfer type i) Single phase ii) Multi-phase a) Storage type b) Fluidized bed

According to Number of fluids a) Two fluid b) Three fluid c) N-fluids According to Heat transfer mechanism a) Single phase convection on both sides b) Single phase convection on one side and two phase on other side c) two phase convection on both sides d) Combined convection and radiative heat transfer

According to Construction
a) Tubular i) Double pipe ii) Shell and Tube 1. Parallel flow, 2. counter flow iii) Spiral tube iv) Pipe coil b) Plate type i) PHE, ii) Spiral plate, iii) Plate coil, iv) Printed circuit c) Extended Surface i) Plate fin, ii) Tube fin d) Regenerative i) Rotary, ii) Fixed matrix, iii) Rotary hood

According to Flow arrangement
a) Single Pass i) Counter flow ii) Parallel flow, iii) Cross flow iv) Split flow v) Divided flow b) Mult-pass i) Extended Surface: cross parallel & counter, compoud ii) Shell and Tube: Parallel counter, split & divided iii) Plate d) Regenerative i) Rotary, ii) Fixed matrix, iii) Rotary hood

Heat Exchangers
1. Concentric-tube(or double-pipe)
(a) Parallel Flow
(b) Counter Flow 3. Cross-flow heat exchanger
2. Shell-and-tube heat exchanger

Compact heat exchanger cores (a) Fintube (flat tubes, continuous plate fins), (b) Fintube (circular tubes, continuous plate fins), (c) Fintube (circular tubes, circular fins), (d) Platefin (single pass). (e) Platefin (multi-pass).

Fluidized-bed heat exchanger


According to Surface Compactness
The heat transfer surface area density = =m2/m3 a) Compact i) Gas to fluid 700 m2/m3 ii) Liquid-liquid and phase change <700 m2/m3 b) Non-compact i) Gas to fluid 400 m2/m3 ii) Liquid-liquid and phase change <400 m2/m3
For plate heat exchangers, plate-fin exchangers, and regenerators
For tube-fin exchangers and shell-and-tube exchangers

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Heat transfer surface area density spectrum of exchanger surfaces

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Major components of shell-and-tube exchangers 1. Tubes. 2. Shells.
3. Nozzles
4. Baffles
5. Tube sheets.

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Types of heat exchange equipment

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Shell-and-tube, no-phase-change heat exchangers Evaporators, boilers, and re-boilers Condensers Cooling towers Drying plant Furnaces

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Thermodynamics: important concepts

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Temperature Specific internal energy Specific enthalpy Quality Mass fraction Specific heat capacities Interphase equilibrium Conservation law

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Simultaneous Flow configuration: Recuperators

a. Counter flow
b. Parallel flow
c. Cross flow

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d. Cross counter flow
e. Multi-pass shell and tube

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The general case

1. Several streams enter a common volume at a number of distinct entry points, and they leave at a number of distinct exit points. 2. Individual streams subdivide after entry, within the volume, and reunite at their exit points.
3. The individual streams come into thermal contact with one another within the heat exchanger volume, and suffer consequential changes of temperature

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Non-simultaneous flow configurations: Regenerators

In regenerators, heat transferred by one fluid to the solid walls of the ducts is stored there, and given up to the second fluid when it in turn flows past. Regenerators are periodicflow devices, for it is always arranged that the two streams alternate in accordance with a regular and predetermined rhythm.

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In 1. 2. 3.
order to predict the performance of a heat exchanger, Establish first flow configuration; The rates of flow along the prescribed paths; The resistances to heat transfer from one stream to another at each point within the heat exchanger volume. 4. The determination of the temperature distributions in the individual streams. When the resistances to heat transfer are uniform with respect to volume, solve the relevant performance equations analytically.
When the heat transfer resistances vary from place to place solve the relevant equations using numerical means

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Heat Exchanger Analysis: Energy Balances, Rate Equation, Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient To predict the performance of a heat exchanger, it is necessary to relate the total heat transfer rate to parameters such as i) the fluid flow rates, ii) inlet and outlet fluid temperatures, iii) the overall heat transfer coefficient, and iv) the total surface area for heat transfer.

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The Fluid Energy Balances:

Consider the schematic representation of the heat exchanger. Assuming steady state, negligible kinetic and potential energy changes, no shaft work, and no heat transfer to the surroundings, and Cp constant, the energy rate balance Equation reduces to give
These equations are independent of the flow arrangement, heat exchanger type, as well as physical dimensions (surface area).

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Generalised Heat Balance Equation

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Classification of Heat Exchangers

Department of Mechanical Engineering