By Andrea Toledo EDU 214 Professor Lara

Dyscalculia
Dyscalculia is a specific learning

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disability or differences in mathematics. In 1919, it was discovered by Salomon Henschen, a Swedish neurologist. In 1974, it was defined by Ladislav Kosc (Czechoslovakian researcher), as a difficulty in mathematics as result of impairment of particular parts of the brain involved in mathematical cognition, without a general difficulty in cognitive function. The term dyscalculia comes from Greek and Latin means counting badly. This term was replaced by the name Mathematics Disorders.

Dyscalculia
Talairach coordinates of significant (intra) parietal activation differences between children with and without dyscalculia.

Medical Definition
The draft Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

(DSM-V) has a Neurodevelopmental Disorder section which includes the category for Specific Learning Disorders. These disorders are the difficulties in reading, written expression and mathematics. In addition, DMS-V concludes that the term dyscalculia would not be useful as disorder name or in the diagnostic criteria. MSD-IV-TR which is currently in effect include and define Mathematics Disorder (code 315.1) as measured by a standardized test that is given individually, the patients mathematical ability is substantially less than you would expecting considering age, intelligence, and education. This deficiency materially impedes academic achievements or daily living. If there is a sensory defect, the mathematics deficiency is worse than would you expect with it. Coding Note: On Axis III code any sensory deficit or general medical condition (such as neurological disorder).

Dyscalculia
The Root Cause:
Genetic Causes: These include genetic

disorders such as Turners syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome, and Williams Syndrome. In addition there are studies which indicate that there are genes in the general population which increase the risk. Environmental Causes: These Include alcohol consumption during the pregnancy, and pre-term bird. Neurological diseases such as epilepsy and metabolic disorder. Both causes combined

Characteristic:
IQ score within normal range

and significant discrepancy between academic achievement.

Dyscalculia

Symptoms
Pre-k and kinder Children Difficulty learning to count. Trouble recognizing printed numbers, symbols reading

(number 6). Difficulty tying together the idea of a number and the objects quantity. Lack of number sense. Poor memory for numbers. Trouble organizing things in a logical way. School Aged Children Trouble learning math facts (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) Poor develop of math problem-solving skills. Poor long term memory for math functions Not familiar with math vocabulary Difficulty measuring things. Difficulty playing games that require strategy. Teenagers and Adults. Difficulty estimating costs like groceries bills. Difficulty learning math concepts beyond the basic math facts that means the abstract idea. Poor ability to calculate budget or balance a bank account. Trouble to understand time such as sticking to a schedule or approximating time. Trouble with mental math Poor problem-solving skills.

Emotional and social symptoms

Difficulty to express and share feelings. Poor self-esteem and difficulty with self-control (frustration).

Dyscalculia
Diagnosis
Before examination is necessary the

observation and documentation of the child for at least 6 month. Methods of Diagnosis: Brain Butterworths Dyscalculia Screen can be used by schools to diagnose. Woodcock Johnson Psychoeducational BatteryIII Wide Range Achievement Test Key Math Diagnostic Assessment Test of Mathematical Abilities Wechsler Individual Achievement Test.

Treatment
The teaching strategies, psychological support, and an individually therapeutic treatment help the child to overcome and to learn to live with this long life disorder. An IEP &504 Plan are the answer to dyscalculia. There is not cure for Dyscalculia.

Dyscalculia

Legal Definition
The Individual with Disabilities Education Act

(IDEA) define that specific learning disability means a disorder in 1 or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which disorder may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculation. The term learning disabilities is not defined in Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), but courts have cited IDEA definition in cases which involved ADA. Section 504 and AADA improve accommodation for students and adults with learning disabilities in school and work place. Accommodations include: paid tutors and note takers, extra time to complete assignments and tests, and waivers for course requirements due to the documented disability.

Dyscalculia

Teaching Strategies
Be proactive, anticipate the problems. Repeated practice. Segmentation of the subject matter in short lesson plans. Direct teaching. Work in small and interactive groups. The use of cues in strategies learning. Work with manipulative. Use rhythm and music to teach math. Incorporate different devices and technology. Adjust time in test and assignments (extra time). Provide a distraction- free room to take test.

Dyscalculia
Statistics
About 5% to 7% of the children in Elementary school are affected. The 50% are females and 50 % males. About 20% to 60% of all affected persons by dyscalculia have other learning difficulties. Approximately 7.6% of the children affected with dyscalculia also are affected with dyslexia. About 15 to 26% of dyscalculic children are affected with ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder). Early intervention helps the child to avoid mathematics anxiety, and prevent other mental illness.

Dyscalculia

Innovative Technology
Park Math: It introduces math concepts to young children (pre-K to elementary) Algebra Touch. Your child can refine algebra skills using touch. Talking scientific calculator. Color buttons and audio feedback. Free graphing Calculator. SMART Boards- Interactive white board.

Family Resources:
Infants and Toddlers Program 1450 Furnace Ave., Glen Burnie, M.D. 21060 410-222-6911 / www.aacps.org/infants/ltp.asp National Center for Learning Disabilities http://www.ncld.org/learning-disabilityresources Learning Disability Association of America- LDA http://ldaamerica.org/category/technolo gy/technology-for-parents/

Activity
What is Dyscalculia? What is the medical term used for dyscalculia? What are the characteristics of dyscalculia? Explain three symptoms of dyscalculia. What are the root causes of dyscalculia? What methods are used to diagnose dyslexia? Is dyslexia curable? Is there a treatment for dyscalculia? Explain. Is there a difference between the percents of females and males affected by dyscalculia? 10. Explain three teaching strategies.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

References

Dycalculia.org . Retrieved from: http://www.dyscalculia.org/ Joyce, Diana &Grasping, Sally. Facilitating Successful Postsecondary Transition for Students with Disabilities. National Association of School Psychology. ProQuest . Retrieved from: www.search.Proquest.com.eproxy.aacc.edu/printviewfile?accountid=40680

Kaufman, Liane. The Diagnoses and Management of Dyscalculia. Deustches Arteblattz. PMC- US National

Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3514770/#!po=55.0000

Specific Learning Disorder. American Psychiatric Publishing. Retrieved from: http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Specific%20Learning%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf

What is dyscalculia? National Center for Learning Disabilities. Retrieved from: http://www.ncld.org/typeslearning-disabilities/dyscalculia/what-is-dyscalculia

Wilson, Ana. About Dyscalculia. Retrieved from: http://aboutdyscalculia.org/dyscalculiamain.html