Group 2

Puspa Wijayanti
Riyana Prasetyawati Noorma

PLANNING EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

PLANNING EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Divergent Phase
Open up range a range of

Convergent Phase
Will sift through these

possible options facing the researcher.

possibilities. See which one is desirable, which one is compatible with each other.

A FRAMEROWK FOR PLANNING RESEARCH Open your book page 78.

Orienting decisions Research design and methodology Data analysis Presenting and reporting results

Orienting Decisions
Who wants the research?
Who will receive the research/who is it for? Who are the possible/likely audiences of the research? What powers do the recipients of the research have?

At this stage the overall feasibility of the research will be addressed.

Research design and methodology

What are the specific purposes of the research?
How are the general research purposes and aims

operational zed into specific research questions? What are the specific research questions?

How to operationalize research questions

An alternative way of operationalizing research questions takes the form of hypothesis raising and hypothesis testing. Some features of hypothesis: - It is clear whether it is directional or non directional - It is written in a testable form. - It is written in a form that can yield measurable results.

SPECIFIC INSTRUMENTS FOR COLLECTING DATA

INTERVIEWS QUESTIONNAIRES OBSERVATION TESTS ACCOUNTS BIOGRAPHIES AND CASE STUDIES ROLE-PLAYING SIMULATIONS PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS

THE METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH TO UNDERTAKE

A SURVEY
AN EXPERIMENT AN IN DEPTH ETHNOGRAPHY ACTION RESEARCH TESTING AND ASSESMENT

A PLANNING MATRIX FOR RESEARCH

All of the cells in the decisions column must be

coherent they must not contradict each other All of the cells in the decisions column must be mutually supporting All of the cells in the decisions column must be practicable when taken separately. All of the cells in the decisions column must be practicable when taken together

Data Analysis
For qualitative data analysis the researchers have at their disposal a range of techniques, for example: - Coding and content analysis of field notes - Cognitive mapping - Seeking patterning of responses - Presenting cross site analysis - Case studies - Personal construct

Presenting and reporting the results

Decisions here will need to consider: How to write up and report the research When to write up and report the research How to present the results in tabular and/or written out form How to present the results in non verbal forms To whom to report How frequently to report

A planning matrix for research

The questions which figure in the four main areas set out so far: Orienting decisions Research design and methodology Data analysis Presenting and reporting the results For one decision to fit with another, four factors must be present: - All of the cells in the decisions column must be coherent they must not contradict each other. - All of the cells in the decisions column must be mutually supporting - All of the cells in the decisions column must be practicable when taken separately - All of the cells in the decisions column must be practicable when taken together.

Managing the planning research

A simple four stage model can be proposed: 1. Identify the purposes of the research 2. Identify and give priority to the constraints under which the research will take place 3. Plan the possibilities for the research within constrains 4. Decide the research design

Matrix planning
Matrix planning is useful for exposing the key features

of the planning research. It is constructed to indicate other features of the Research, for example: The timing of the identification of the sample The timing of the release of interim reports The timing of the release of the final reports

They are useful summary devices,

A worked example Purposes Research questions Focus Methodology Instrumentation Sampling Parameters Stages in the research Ethnic and ownership Time frames Conclusion

Instrumentation
Questionnaires

It uses rating scales, will catch articulated, espoused, enacted, visible aspects for organizational culture, and will measure. Semi- structured interviews. For example: values, assumptions, beliefs, wishes, problems. Observational data Documentary data

STAGES IN THE RESEARCH

Development and operationalization
Instrumentation and the piloting of the instruments Data collection Data analysis and interpretation Reporting

SAMPLING
Judgments have to be made about four key factors in sampling: The sample size Representative ness and parameter of the sample The sampling strategy to be used

According to Borg and Gall

There are many variables Only small differences or small relationships are

expected or predicted The sample will be broken down into subgroups The sample is heterogeneous in terms of the variables under study Reliable measures of the dependent variable are unvailable.

SAMPLING
Qualitative Data
Quantitative Data

A precise sample number can be calculated according to the level of accuracy and the level of probability that researchers require in their work. A sample calculation from a formula by Blalock shows that : (page 106)

SAMPLING ERROR Sampling error is not necessarily the result of mistakes

made in sampling procedures. Rather variations may occur due to the chance selection of different individuals. Why should it occur? If random large samples of equal size are repeatedly drawn from any population, then the mean of those samples will be approximately normally distributed.

Sampling Error
The standard deviation of the theoretical distribution

of sample means is a measure of sampling error and is called the standard error of the mean (SE).Thus,(page 107)

The Standard Error of Proportions

How big a sample must I obtain?
How accurate do I want my results to be? What is being suggested here generally is that, in order

to overcome problems of sampling error, in order to ensure that one can separate random effects and variation from non random effects, and in order for the power of a statistic to be felt, one should opt for as large a sample as possible.

The representativeness of the Sample