Piping system is transportation system that use to flow the fluid either in the form of a liquid phase or gas

phase from one place to other place.

 Pipe is hollow cylinder used to conduct or transfer fluids (liquids and gases) from one place to other place.

Pipe is always designated through nominal bore size(NBS) also called as nominal pipe

size(NPS)
A pipeline conveys a fluid from one given point of the plant usually called inlet point of the line, to another part of the plant usually called outlet point of the line.

BASIC PIPING MATERIAL

( 1 ) M E TA L L I C ( 2 ) N O N - M E TA L L I C (I) FERROUS (I) ORGANIC (II)NON -FERROUS (II) INORGANIC

(3 )COMPOSIT ES

FERROUS NON-FERROUS ORGANIC INORGANIC CARBON STEEL NICKEL PL ASTICS CERAMICS LOW A L LOY ST EEL S MO N EL THERMO -PL ASTICS GRAPHITE S TA I N L E S S S T E E L S BRASSES THERMO-SETTING GLASS

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (NPS):

o PIPE SIZE IS REFERRED TO AS NOMINAL PIPE SIZE -

NPS, OR "NOMINAL PIPE SIZE". THE METRIC E Q U I VA L E N T I S C A L L E D D N O R " D I A M E T E R N O M I N A L.

o T H E N P S I S V E RY L O O S E LY R E L AT E D T O T H E I N S I D E

D I A M E T E R I N I N C H E S , B U T O N LY F O R N P S 1 / 8 T O N P S 1 2 . F O R N P S 1 4 A N D L A RG E R , T H E N P S I S E Q UA L TO THE OUTSIDE DIAMETER (OD) IN INCHES. NOMINAL DIAMETER (DN): IT IS SAME AS NOMINAL PIPE SIZE, BUT IN MM.

SCHEDULE OF PIPE
o SCHEDULE IS THICKNESS OF THE INSIDE DIAMETER

OF THE PIPE.
o S C H E D U L E 4 0 I S U S UA L LY A S TA N DA R D T H I C K N E S S

F O R M O S T A P P L I C AT I O N S W H I C H I S N O R M A L LY 1 / 4 " WA L L , A S T H E S C H E D U L E N U M B E R I N C R E A S E S O R D E C R E A S E S S O D O E S T H E WA L L T H I C K N E S S , T H E OUTSIDE DIAMETER REMAINS THE SAME.

o S TA N DA R D P I P I N G S C H E D U L E S A R E 1 0 , 4 0 , 8 0 , 1 2 0 , 1 6 0

SCHEDULE CHART
Schedule: Carbon steel : 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160. Stainless steel : 5S, 10S, 20S, 30S, 40S, 60S, 80S. Weight series: STD : Standard XS : Extra Strong XXS : Double Extra Strong

PIPE SPECIFICATIONS
Pipe Ends:

1) Plain ends 2) Beveled ends 3) Threaded ends PIPE REPRESENTATION: Up to 12 inch Above 14 inch

PIPE FITTINGS
TYPES OF FITTINGS:

1. Elbow and Return 2. Tee and Cross 3. Reducer 4. Coupling 5. Union 6. Caps 7. Stub ends 8. Nipple 9. Plug

ELBOW AND RETURN:

Elbows are used when there is a direction change of 90 degree is required. Elbows of reducing sizes are also available. 1. Long radius elbow 2. Short radius elbow Returns are used when there is a change of 180 degree is required

TEE AND CROSS:

Tees are used when a branch to be taken from the header pipe Equal-Tee Un-Equal Tee CROSS : It is preferred to use tees except where space is restricted

REDUCER:
Reducers are standard fitting used for joining different diameter pipes CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC

COUPLINGS
Full Coupling: - used to join the small-bore pipes. Mainly Threaded Half Coupling: - used to take branches of small bore from big bore headers. Mainly Socket Welded

Unions
Unions can be with threaded end or with socket weld ends. There are three pieces in a union; two end pieces to attach the run pipe and the third piece t connect these two. The ball type metal seating ensures the sealing.

CAPS

Caps are mainly used for permanently closing the line.

STUB ENDS
Stub ends are used with backing flanges for flange joints when exotic materials are used in piping.

If the branch pipe is inserted into the pipe, it is known as STUB-IN and if the branch pipe is placed on the main pipe then it is known as STUB ON.

Nipple
Straight Nipple These are straight, short pipes readily available. Commonly available length is 100mm. Pipe ends are available in Plain End, Threaded Both End, and One End Threaded as per requirement.

Swage Nipple: - used to join big bore and small-bore pipes, if a sudden reduction is required

PLUG
Plug seals screwed end of a fitting. Square headed and Round headed plugs are available

Strainers
are used to remove solid particles from liquids. They generally have a permanent screen that can be cleaned by emptying, washing or blow down. Strainers are generally placed in the main line so that all of the process fluid passes through them. Types of Strainers Basket Strainers Y Type Strainers

Flanges
Flanges are used to connect oPipe to pipe, where require frequent dismantling oPipe to equipment oPipe to valves oPipe to special items

Slip on :- Flange is attached by

welding inside as well as outside.

Flanges
Socket welded :- Welded Screwed :- Used to

only on one side, hence not recommended for severe service. Used only for small bore pipes

connect screwed pipe to flanged items.Used only for small bore pipes

Flanges
Weld neck :- Flanges are Reducing :- Used to

attached by butt-welding to pipes.

connect bigger pipe to smaller pipes.

Flanges
Lap joint :- It is used to Blind :- Generally used

connect pipe of costlier material like stainless steel.

to close the pipe end, which need to be reopened later.

Based on Flange Faces: Raised face :-most Flat face :-commonly

common facing on steel flanges

used for mating with 125 pound cast iron flanges on equipment ,valves, or fittings.

Based on Flange Faces: Ring type joint :- uses a Tongue and groove :-

solid metal ring gasket, so the sealing surface on the flanges must be accurately machined to a very smooth finish

gasket contact surface is considerably smaller than the total face area thus reducing the bolt load for effective sealing

Based on Flange Faces: Male and Female :-

Similar to tongue and groove, but the inner diameter of the grove matches the outer diameter of the pipe.

Gaskets
Gaskets are used to provide

fluid resistant seal between the flanges. Selection of gaskets depends on P-T of the fluid service Corrosive nature of the fluid service Material Of Construction Code requirement Cost

Gaskets
Non-Metallic Natural Rubber Neoprene Ethylene propylenediene PTFE CNAF Metallic Spiral wound Ring type joint Corrugated Metallic

Bolting: Machine bolt using one nut. Stud bolt with two nuts