Vienna 21-24 May 2007

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KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820

Vienna 21-24 May 2007

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM OF POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

AGH - University of Science and Technology Krakow - POLAND
Ryszard KLEMPKA klempka@kaniup.agh.edu.pl Zbigniew HANZELKA hanzel@agh.edu.pl

KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820

Vienna 21-24 May 2007

APF 1 ...

In supply system are:

consumers who negatively influence the power quality
controlled source of reactive power (static compensators, idle synchronous motors and generators with excitation current control), active power filters and distributed power sources (PV systems, wing generators etc.).

APF n

S. motor (SM)

S. generator (SG) CENTRAL CONTROL SYSTEM

Wind turbin

PV system

SVC

There are also other systems dedicated for specific use:

voltage stabilizers and high harmonics parallel active filters,
AC adjustable speed drives (ASDs) with VSI inverter etc.

Other loads

ASD 1 ... ASD k Measurement signal Control signal

KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820

Vienna 21-24 May 2007

OBJECTIVE The main objective is to develop a central control system which, on the basis of the set of input signals (mainly voltages and currents measured at selected points of a power system), will generate reference signals for individual controlled, distributed devices to be used for the supply improvement.

DETERMINING THE REFERENCE SIGNALS Is it possible to determine the reference signals for the power quality improvement system on the basis of solely the voltage signals acquired at selected points of the supply system? Genetic algorithms were employed in order to solve the formulated multi-criterial optimisation task.

KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820

Vienna 21-24 May 2007

START
Initialization of population

Distinguishing features of Genetic Algorithms are:

AG do not transform directly parameters of a task but their coded forms, AG make a ransack, starting from a population of points, not from a single one, AG use only the goal function. It is no need to have derivatives or any other auxiliary information, AG employ probabilistic not deterministic rules of selection, The goal function can be freely formed including multicriterion optimization.
Decoding of chromosomes

Assessment of individuals

Termination condition NO Genetic Operators

YES

Selection of the fittest individual

STOP

Block Diagram of Basic Genetic Algorithm

KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820 5

Vienna 21-24 May 2007

Example 1
RS3 LS3 PCC

RS2

LS2

The spectrum of the voltage load RL2

In practical industrial situations, the role of the controlled current source (CCS) can be played by an ASD with indirect frequency converter, which, if not fully mechanically loaded or, if oversized in design phase, can also play the role of parallel active filter.

RS1

LS1

D1
RL3 e D2 LL3

D3 RL1 D4 i RL2

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The example system with nonlinear load and controlled current source (CCS) whose purpose is the reduction of voltage distortion level at PCC where another load, "sensitive" to high harmonics (RL2), is connected.

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KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820

Vienna 21-24 May 2007

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Spectrum of the RL2 load voltage after optimisation of subsequent harmonics in CSS. (a) 3rd harmonic, (b) 3rd and 5th harmonic, (b) 3rd, 5th and 7th harmonic, (c) 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th harmonic, (d) 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, and 11th harmonic.
KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820 7

Vienna 21-24 May 2007

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Amplitudes of the load (RL2) voltage harmonics after optimisation of subsequent harmonics in CCS (dark blue no filter, blue 3rd, light blue 3rd +5th, yellow - 3rd +5th +7th, red - 3rd +5th +7th +9th, brown 3rd +5th +7th+9th +11th). KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820 8

Vienna 21-24 May 2007

Amplitudes of voltage harmonics prior to the optimisation and after two and seven optimisation loops Voltage harmonic order n 1 3 5 7 9 Voltage harmonics values [%] Before the filter connection 144 42 15 5 5 After 2 optimisation loops 137.5 2.3 3.2 2.5 1.5 After 7 optimisation loops 138 0.9 0.75 0.68 0.55

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1.3 1.6

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6.7 3.1

0.43
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KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820

Vienna 21-24 May 2007

RS2 LS2 LS1 LS1 LS1

Example 2

RS1 RS1

RS3

LS3

PWP

RS1

D1 e

RL3

LL3

D3 RL1 D4

RL1 i1

RL1 RL2 i2 i3

D2

The example power system with nonlinear load and three CCSs Active current sources are: connected at different electrical distances from the considered "critical" load; the transmission costs of generated electric power are different (depending on their distance from the protected load); their capability to participate in the compensation process may change with time (due to e.g. varying mechanical load of an ASD whose input rectifier is used as an active filter); their unit costs of generating electric power needed for compensation, etc. are different. All these factors should be taken into consideration as the constraints of the solved optimisation task (e.g. by means of introducing weighting coefficient), whose final effect should be determining the reference currents for all compensating devices participating in the compensation process. KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820 10

Vienna 21-24 May 2007

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The spectrum of the load RL2 before compensation

The spectrum of the load RL2 after harmonic compensation

KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820

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Vienna 21-24 May 2007

Summary of parameters of the current harmonics generated by CCSs (for min. THDU) in PCC
Current source no 1 Order of the current harmonic generated by the active filter Amplitude of the filter current [A] Phase of the filter current [0] Amplitude of the filter current [A] 2 Phase of the filter current [0] Amplitude of the filter current [A] 3 Phase of the filter current [0] 3. 1.9 140 9.3 108 0 15.9 5. 0 85 5.2 72 1.5 37 7. 0 -25 1.4 10.5 2.3 21 9. 0 116 3.3 -35 0 -77 11. 0 118 0 -133 1.7 -92

KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820

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Vienna 21-24 May 2007

EXAMPLE MODEL OF POWER SYSTEM

KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820

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CONCLUSIONS
In this case Genetic Algorithms were employed in order to solve the formulated multicriterial optimisation task. In general case the objective can be e.g.: minimization of energy losses in the system and/or minimization of harmonics generation cost (by different current sources). These tasks can be approached independently or, on their basis, can be formulated the task of global optimization where they will be used as constraints in solving the optimization task, e.g. the distortion minimization.

KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820

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Vienna 21-24 May 2007

THANK YOU

KLEMPKA R., HANZELKA Z., Poland - RIF Session 2- Paper 0820

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