Homeostasis

Homeostasis
Defn- it refers to the mechanism by which the constancy of the internal environment is maintained. This term was coined by W B Cannon.

Stable internal environment coined by Claude Bernard ( also called as Millieu Interieur)

 What is the internal environment???? Normal maintenance of body water and electrolytes Normal maintenance acid base balance Normal supply of oxygen, nutrients, enzymes and hormones Removal of metabolic and other waste products from the body

 Mechanisms by which the homeostasis is maintained, Negative feed back mechanism Positive feedback mechanism Adaptive control

Negative feed back mechanism

Most of our body systems are maintained by this mechanism All most all the hormones are going to maintain their normal level of secretion by this Thyroid, GH, Cortisol, FSH, LH etc

Positive feedback mechanism

Some of the body systems utilize this mechanism Clot formation Child birth Generation of nerve signals

Adaptive control
Also called as delayed type of negative feedback mechanism Seen mostly in the nervous system

BODY FLUIDS

FLUID COMPARTMENTS

EXTRA CELLUAR FLUID

INTRA CELLULAR FLUID

PLASMA

INTERSTITIAL FLUID
CSF Intra ocular Pleural Peritoneal Synovial Digestive Secretions

TRANSCELLULAR FLUID

 Intracellular- Inside the cells Extra cellular Outside the cells Plasma- inside the blood vessels Interstitial- In between the cells Trans cellular- inside the cavity of different organ systems

(PLASMA)

Compartment Volume( L) % of body wt % of body water

TBW ICF
ECF - Plasma - All other fliuds(IF,TF, MTF)

42 28
14 3.5

60 40
20 5

100 67
33 8

10.5

15

25

TOTAL BODY WATER(TBW)

60% of the body weight in adult male 50% of the body weight in adult female

METHODS OF MEASUREMENTS
INDIRECT METHOD INDICATOR (DYE) DILUTION TECHNIQUE

Principle
you have to select a suitable dye or radioisotope

V= volume of fluid A= total amount of dye used E= amount of dye excreted or lost . C= concentration FORMULA
V=A-E/C

VOLUME MEASUREMENT OF VARIOUS FLUIDS COMPARTMETNS

Dye Dilution Principle
Total body water (TBW) Substance used deuterium oxide (d2o) Tritiated water Antipyrine Aminopyrine

VOLUME MEASUREMENT OF VARIOUS FLUIDS COMPARTMETNS

Extracellur fluid Substances used : two major types:
Saccharides e.g. sucrose, inulin, mannitol, raffinose (under estimated values)

Diffusible ions e.g. sulphate, sodium, thiosulphate, bromide, chloride ( over estimated values)

VOLUME MEASUREMENT OF VARIOUS FLUIDS COMPARTMETNS

Blood plasma Evans blue Radioactive 51Cr ,Fe59

131I

TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME PLASME VOL X 100 100 -HCT

VOLUME MEASUREMENT OF VARIOUS FLUIDS COMPARTMETNS

INTERSTITIAL FLUID ECF Plasma Volume

INTRACELLULAR FLUID TBW ECF

CRITERIA FOR A SUITABEL DYE

Must mix evenly throughout the compartment
Non toxic

Must have no effect of its own on the distribution of water or other substances in the body
Either it must be unchanged during the experiment or if it changes , the amount changed must be known. The material should be relatively easy to measure. It should be easily available

FACTORS AFFECTING
Physiological
Adipose Tissue Gender Age

Pathological
Dehydration Overhydration

FACTORS AFFECTING
Total Body Water Varies depending on body fat:
Infant: 73% Male adult: 60% Female adult: 40-50% Effects of obesity ( decreases the water level) Old age 45%

Dehydration
Lack of fluid levels inside the body specially in ECF. Causes lack water intake Burns Diarrhoea Vomiting Diabetes

 The ratio of ECF to ICF is more in infants and children so they are more prone for dehydration

Overhydration
Overhydration- also called water excess or water intoxication, is a condition in which the body contains too much water. It occurs when the body takes more water than it excretes. Causes Renal diseases Cardiac diseases Liver diseases