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C) BATCH(9)-SMESTER(1)
Introduction
The US system is a pulsed system . The US pulse propagates into the body tissues at all acoustic interfaces in the body a portion of incident US energy is reflected and return to transducer.(
Introduction(cont.)
Then the transducer converts the
the monitor.(berwin)
()
DSC(cont.)
Analog values are represented by proportional, continuously variable physical quantities such as electric voltages. Digital values are represented by discrete
DSC(cont.)
A scan converter is a device which stores
DSC (cont.
A digital scan converter assigns a numerical (digital) value to each echo according to the echo amplitude. These digital values are then assigned shades of gray, providing the basis for grayscale display.
DSC(cont.)
Role of the scan converter:
years has dramatically increased the capacity of digital memories. This permits modern DSCs to store multiple frames of data in memory that can be instantly recalled by the sonographer at touch of a button.(1)
Digital devices
Most modern US instruments have digital computers and computer hardware for signal
Binary system
The binary system is a number system that is
Figure (2): comparison between the decimal system and binary system ()
Binary system(cont.)
The binary system is a particular numbering system for digital systems because the electrical components are designed and able to work in this environment reliably, quickly, and efficiently.(briwn
manipulate.
Bit depth(cont.)
This would allow only black and white imaging. Gray scale imaging requires more matrices, more bits. (3)
Contrast resolution
contrast resolution (gray scale resolution) is
brwin
contrast resolution can be described in terms of dynamic range of echoes that can be assigned a shade of gray
0.4mm/pixel. (1) Axial resolution is the ability of the transducer to detect two closely spaced reflectors as two separated echoes.
of 0.4 mm.
Preprocessing
it includes all functions performed on echoes before the image stored in memory.(receiver function ,write magnification and assignment of gray shades.(briwin
Write zoom
Is magnification of a region of an ultrasound image prior to storage in memory.(brwin instruments that have this feature allow the operator to first select the region to be enlarged by applying cursors to the original image.
Write zoom(cont.)
When write zoom is enabled the transducer re-scan the region. Only echo data a rising from zoomed region are written to memory , and all pixels in memory are used to represents this region.(essienal
persistence
Is the averaging of sequential frames together for the purpose of providing a smoother image appearance and reduction of noise.(diagnostic
Edge enhancement
It is filtering technique that is designed to improve the detection of interfaces and the boundaries between structures. (brwin
Smoothing (filtering)
smoothing is an electrical preprocessing technique applied to the rectified echo signal (known as the video signal) to smooth out adjacent peaks.(
brwin
The filter is one that passes a range of frequencies(
Fill-in interpolation
This is a preprocessing technique. Interpolation means that image data of missed pixels are calculated from image data in nearby pixels that are situated along beam line(essional
Post processing
Post processing includes all functions performed on echoes after the information is digitized and stored in memory.(freeze frame, black/white image inversion, read magnification and contrast variation.(brwin
Read zoom
Is magnifying image data that is already existing within scan converter memory as these data are read out to the video monitor . The stored image
Image Display
Cathode ray tube video monitor(CRT): It consist of a large cathode ray vacuum tube with phosphor screen at one end, and an electron gun at the other. The phosphor screen emits light in response to the electron beam.
LCD(cont.)
An in the last few years these displays have become large and cheep enough to replace the traditional CRT as a computer display.
PDP(cont.)
This process can be carried out up to 85 times per second fast enough to give a brilliant fullcolor real-time display .PDPs are being produced for the high end home market and are very expensive.
Videotape.
Magnetic tape.
Computer disk.
Optical media:
Laser disk.
Compact disk.(CD-ROM, DVD).
US transparency film
Transparency film is single-sided which means it has a recording surface(emulsion) on one side. The emulsion side of the film must be placed in the film cassette to face the cameras CRT screen. It processed through standard automatic wet processing as for x-ray film.
Transparency film(cont.)
Film exposure is determined by: the brilliance of the display screen. Brightness and contrast settings of the cameras CRT screen.
Film processing
Latent image: is the change produced in silver halide after exposure but before development. Development: change latent image to manifest image. Fixing : stops development. Washing :removes residual chemicals. Drying :dries film.
Advantages of US film
It is reasonably priced, although it is not cheap. It is durable, making it good medium for archiving. It has excellent spatial and contrast resolution.
Poor archiving.
Magnetic tape
Different formats-VHS SVHS . Compatible with TV signal. Excellent for recording moving structures. Awkward for review.
Suboptimal resolution.
Computer disks
Magnetic medium. Limited data storage. Fragile(susceptible to being damaged by magnetic fields)
Optical discs
Laser disc Compact disc
PACS(cont.)
Consistent and reliable archiving of digital still and cine images Images can be backed up cheaply and easily providing additional archival security for long term availability.
advantages
Good resolution Long term archiving
disadvantages
Expensive Inconsistent results with multi format camera Poor archiving Poor contrast resolution
Paper film
VCR
Rapid inexpensive
motion
References
1-Stewart C.Busshong, Benjamin R. Archer. Diagnostic Ultrasound: physics, Biology and instrumentation. U.S.A: David T. Calverwell;1991: p. (). 2-1-Chris Harringgton. Burwin institute of diagnostic Medical ultrasound: ultrasound physics and instrumentation. P: ().
References (cont.)
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