ALEC JEFFRYS AND DNA FINGERPRINTING

Done by: Farhath Jabien Johnson Tan

Joyce Wong
Mohamed Farhan Nishachand Vohreh Nur Baiti Thien An Ton Nu

Definition of DNA Fingerprinting

Method of identification that compares fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) It is sometimes called DNA typing

Alec Jeffreys
Father of DNA Fingerprinting. He did a research on variations in genes. In 1984 , he saw a distinct patterns of inheritance between individuals on a photographic plate. This became instant solution to sort out family relationship and spot differences between human beings.
www.hud.ac.uk/news/huddlines/news_stories08_04_stories/04_alec_jeffrys.html)

Method of Obtaining a DNA Fingerprint

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Restriction Fragment Length Polymophisms (RFLP)

Enzyme digestion and southern blotting
1. Extract sample DNA

2.
3.

Restriction enzyme added for DNA to be digested

Digested DNA loaded on agarose gel

Restriction Fragment Length Polymophisms (RFLP)

4.
5.

DNA fragments separated by an electric field

DNA fragments are then transferred to a nylon membrane as gels are difficult to handle Now, the nylon membrane is ready for probing

6.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymophisms (RFLP)

Probing
1. a) Radioactive probe is applied to the membrane

b) Excess probe is removed

2.

Probe hybridizes to specific DNA fragments

Restriction Fragment Length Polymophisms (RFLP)

3. Radioactive membrane is then exposed to X-Ray film

4.

An audio graph is created on the X-Ray film and is ready to be interpreted

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

This is where targeted DNA sequence is amplified via cycles of DNA synthesis 1. Denaturation Double stranded DNA separates into single strand (destabilizing of helix structure)

2. Annealing Complementary primers are annealed to the opposite strand, not allowing the helix obstructing to reform

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

3. Extension The single strands are heated here allowing DNA polymerase to become active Creating DNA strands complementary to the original

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

4. Targeted DNA strand is then duplicated (this process repeated up to 20times) 1st cycle: synthesis carries non-stop Newly synthesized act as templates DNA probes are used to hybridize

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Video Learning
Sit back Relax Learn

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c-video/167155/16469/DNA-is-extractedtreated-with-restriction-enzymes-andsequenced-using

Advantages
Aids in child identity in paternity disputes. Speeds up the process of criminal investigations. Identify life threatening diseases and other disorders. Engineering drought-resistant plants Producing biological drugs from genetically altered bacteria

Disadvantages
Not FoolProof Violates ones privacy Availability of reliable labs is limited Misuse DNA profile used to determine eligibility for insurance or employment There is 1 in 50 billion chance of two DNA sequence being similar Goes against nature

Past Methods of Identification

Video evidences-effective at proving facial and body outline of a criminal this however can be masked Eye witnesses-Accurate detail of crime can be reconstructed however research have shown that individual recollection of the events after some time will be distorted Thumb prints- Still a day to day method of identification, is effective however everyone knows wearing a glove will do. Interrogation-Lie detectors instil fear in people however it is not totally judicially acceptable as some people are professional liars and other succumb to physiological pressure easily giving a false positive result.

Past
What are differences of the past and the present that made DNA fingerprinting so unique? DNA fingerprinting is so unique that it could find out the persons DNA characteristics by DNA evidence like: saliva,semen,blood stain,skin,hair Detectives used methods that were simple but took a very long time to solve the crime while with the discovery of this has made investigation faster and efficient. Main sources of evidence during the past were eye witness , thumbprint and interrogation. Cases were unsolved because there was a lack of information on the suspects, DNA fingerprinting is unique because it is able to find out more information on that person with just one sample of the evidence.

Present
1. Paternity and Maternity First case solved by DNA fingerprinting in Britain, in 1985 proving the father-son relation of a British citizen who was visiting Ghana , on his return he was detained , suspected of identity fraud. 2. Criminal Identification and Forensics 1986, Richard Buckland was exonerated despite having admitted to the rape and murder of a teenager. This was the first use of DNA finger printing in a criminal investigation .After a year of screening about 5000 man, Colin Pitchfork a local barker was caught and trailed

JUSTICE IS A DISH BEST SERVED COLD BEHIND BARS!

PRESENT
Paternity and Maternity. DNA fingerprinting is able to find out the parents of an individual. Uses VNTR to determine the father or mother. eg. Abandoned or adoption or one of the parent frequently changes sexual partner. It is also used to determine the legal nationality . eg. Immigration disputes. Criminal identification and forensics. To find out the identification using the evidence found in the crime scene. To find out the relationship between the evidence and the suspect. Investigation is done to ensure the suspect is involve in this crime. Evidence use in court cases as used as proof to show that the suspect is guilty or innocent of committing the crime.

 Personal identification Used for access to certain location. Human DNA BARCODE. Personal identification - social security number (NRIC) - Gel pad (thumbprint) - Eye scanning ( access to a room) - Picture I.D.S - Passport ( immigration uses) - Birth certificates - PIN number or password - signatures

Future
Microchips are placed in the human body of the future generations. Has 99% chance in catching culprit. There is GPS system to produce information. This helps to live in a much safer and better place.

CONCLUSION
Due to its important effect on our society, Dna fingerprinting has dealt with controversy about its authenticity Various benefit outweigh from its drawback.

In future, DNA fingerprinting with higher standard and minimized errors, it would be the most powerful method for justification

References
WWW
Home DNA Analysis.(2006),DNA Analysis,[online]. Available from: http://www.freewebs.com/dna_analysis/dnafingerprinting.htm# [accessed on: 28th sept 2009] Medindia Health Network Pvt Ltd.(2009),DNA Fingerprinting,[online]. Available from: http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/Dnafingerprinting.htm [accessed on : 9th oct 2009] Brighthub.Inc.(2009),What is DNA fingerprinting,[online]. Available from: http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/14458.aspx [accessed on: 9th oct 2009] Answers.Inc.(2009), Personal Identification numbers,[online]. Available from:http://www.answers.com/topic/personal-identification-number# [accessed on: 25th sept 2009] BOOKS Rudin.N, Inman.K.(2002),Forensic DNA Analysis,2nd ed, CLC Press LLC,USA. Skirton.H, Patch.C,(2000),Genetics for Healthcare professionals (A lifestage approach), Hall.Inc, USA

References
Belair R.R (2009). DNA fingerprinting, [online], Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Available from: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579857/DNA_Fingerprinting.html, Accessed on: 8th Oct 2009 Encyclopdia Britannica(2009). DNA Fingerprinting, [online], Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Available From: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/167155/DNAfingerprinting, Accessed on: 8th Oct 2009

THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION!