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Network Types ; LAN MAN WAN Physical Topology: Bus Star Ring Mesh Cellular Logical Topology(Channel access Topology): CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA, Token Ring and polling Transmission media(TP-STP, UTP, Coax, OF, Terrestrial Microwave Link, Sat.Comm, IR Tx,Radio wave Propag.)
It is classified according to the geographical area over which the computer N/W can span and accordingly we have got the following classification of COMP N/W.
LAN
It is a combination of various computer hardware and various Tx media which span over a diameter of less than or equal 2 KM or so,. LAN can span within a building within an organization.
Features of LAN
Covers a small area such as building Suit Business organisation BW is Expensive situated in single location
MAN
It is a combination of various computer hardware and various Tx media which span over around a metropolitan city e nodes connected within the city MAN= Interconnection of several LAN on a city
Features of MAN
It span over a diameter of 10 KM to 100 KM Connects two or more LANS
Owned by single or multiple organisation
WAN It is a combination of various computer hardware and various Tx media which span over around and across the globe.
Features of WAN
Connects Compter N/W located in different countries
BW is much more Expensive than LAN & MAN Data rate; 1.5 mbps
TOPOLOGY
Phy Topology
Logical TOPOLOGY
Phy Topology
Logical Topology It means actual movement of data on the N/W. It describes the operation of the N/W It is linked with OSI data link
Logical Topology
Logical Topology provides some specific rules that controls the timings of the transmission of DATA from the N/W devices. The rules are Media access Rules (MAR)
CONTENTION
A N/W will transmit the data on first come first serve basis Contention will surely result into collision To avoid collision we have to use CSMA/CA and CSMA/CD
CONTENTION
Channel access is allowed on FCFS basis. CSMA/CD protocols not only sense the data but detects the collision and initiate retransmission In CSMA/CA protocols , collision is avoided totally, each and every N/W device on the N/W is given a time slot and whenever any device wants to transmit data it can transmit data during that allotted time slot. Example: Local Talk in apple computer.
Benefits of CONTENTION
When the traffic is low, the N/W works fast II. Software required used are very simple and produce very little over head III.Immediate control over media as long as no other N/W device has access.
I.
Disad. Of Contention
a. As the no. of N/W devices increases, the traffic increases which in turn increases collision b. As each and every N/W devices are on the same level so we can not set priority to give faster access to some device c. Acess time are not predictable d. Not suitable for heavy load N/W
In this , there is is a special frame called TOKEN Frame, which passes from one N/W to another N/W device in a unidirectional fashion either Clockwise or anticlockwise.
B. A token is a short message that specifies the station currently using the N/W and the next station, which gain access to the N/W after the current station has finished using it, when a stn or device passes the token it can send message out in the N/Wand read the message already present.
Benefit:
Token passing produces predictable load and delay
Disadvantages
The N/W speeds slow down with increase of load on the N/W
Contention
This system is highly probablistic Simple software are required Can not be used efficiently Not suitable for heavy load Ethernet and IEEE 802.3
Polling
In this method , one device is designated as media access administrator and it queries each of the other devices(the secondaries) to see whether they have information to transmit
Polling
Central device in the N/W holds the queries or request to each of the secondary N/W device in a predetermined fashion which is set by some protocol and then queries each of the devices whether it is interested in sending the data or not. Protocol can also limit the time of data transfer ie can set the timing limitation for data transfer by each N/W device.
Polling
Benefits:
Centralizes the channel for greater N/W control Max and Min access time and data on the channel predictable and fixed Priority can be assigned to assure faster access Allows complete use of medias capacity by eliminating collision.
Polling
Drawbacks: o Delays, when the devices are being polled ie if the N/W devices want to transmit it has to wait before the master ask him to transmit o High BW usage not possible o high Overheads
Access N/W
The Local loop refers to the comm N/W b/w the local telephone Exchange and the customers. Since this forms most pervasive part of any comm system, it is important that the local loop technology be capable of broadband delivery and the transport.
Access N/W
If every Tx of WDMA is made to transmit on a distinct wave length and each Rx uses one filter out of a set of N filters to tune in.
Access N/W
The Existing telephone N/W consisting of a pair of a pair loaded UTP upto 7 KM length of transporting analog signal with a BW of 4 KHz. By removing a loading PAD and by using sophisticated signal processing techniques, A digital subscriber line (DSL) can be created which can carry data at much rate.
Access N/W
The cable TV N/W represents the most pervasive access N/W. In Traditional analog cable N/W the cable is exactly equivalent to the TV antenna with signal of freq. upto 400-500 MHz present. Since the cable N/W are not designed for high QoS, carrying other forms of data such as POTS on them is a risky proposition
Access N/W
Hybrid Fiber coax N/W : In HFC N/W the media is coax of fiber. While the coax is used to connect the subscriber in a traditional manner, it is the op. fiber that carries the signal The analog signal are sub-carrier multiplexed on to the Optical carrier freq.
Access N/W
The BW of copper cable is greatly enhanced upto 750 MHz freq . The end user uses a cable MODEM ( With TDMA as a access Scheme) to access the BW of the Copper cable.
Optical Rx that implements these three characteristics are called BRUST Mode TransRx.
SONET/SDH
Digital TDM scheme evolved as a standard signal format called SONET in N. America and SDH in other part of the world
Synchronous Optical NETwork Designed for optical transport (high bitrate) Direct mapping of lower levels into higher ones ITU version = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy different terminology but interoperable Overhead doesnt increase with rate
Shannon (Bell Labs) proved that Digital communications is always better than Analog communications Better means: More efficient use of resources (e.g. more channels on trunks) Higher voice quality (less noise, less distortion) Added features
SONET/SDH
1 byte per sample 8000 samples per second T1 = 24 conversations per trunk
Each STS-1 frame is 90 columns * 9 rows = 810 bytes There are 8000 STS-1 frames per second so each byte represents 64 kbps (each column is 576 kbps) Thus the basic STS-1 rate is 51.840 Mbps.
Y(
9 rows
Layers
SONET was designed with definite layering concepts
when exceed fiber reach regenerators regenerators are not mere amplifiers, regenerators use their own overhead fiber between regenerators called section (regenerator section)
Multiplexers) input and output at this level are Virtual Tributaries (VCs) actually 2 layers lower order VC (for low bitrate payloads) higher order VC (for high bitrate payloads)
SONET architecture
The fundamental SONET frame has a 125s. STS-1 =[ (90bytes/row)x (9 rows/frame)x(8bits/byte)]/ 125 s. = 51.84 Mbps STS -- Synchronous Transport Signal All other SONET are integer of multiples of this
A SONET signal is called a Synchronous Transport Signal The basic STS is STS-1, all others are multiples of it - STS-N The (optical) physical layer signal corresponding to an STS-N is an OC-N
SONET
STS-1 STS-3
Optical
OC-1 OC-3
rate
51.84M 155.52M
STS-12
STS-48 STS-192
OC-12
OC-48 OC-192
622.080M
2488.32M 9953.28M
9 rows
SDH
columns 90
STM-1 STM-4
270 1080
STS-48
STS-192
STM-16
STM-64
4320
17280
2488.32M
9953.28M
STS-N has 90N columns STM-M corresponds to STSN with N = 3M SDH rates increase by factors of 4 each time
6 rows
Section overhead is 3 rows * 3 columns = 9 bytes = 576 kbps framing, performance monitoring, management
Mbps
Similarly, STM-1 has 9 (different) columns of section+line overhead !
MSOH
Optical interface
To ensure interconnection compatibility b/w equipment from different manufacture, the SONET and SDH specification provide details for optical source characteristics The Rx sensitivity The Tx distance for various types of fiber
Digital Wrapping
Just as the SONET/SDH standard enabled the management of single-wavelength optical N/W using equipment from many different vendor, the G.709 standard enables the board adaptation Technology for managing multi wave- length Technology optical N/W.
It is just parallel ( closely parallel ) the path, line section sub layers of SONET
The exchange of information b/w processes running in two different devices connected through a N/W may characterized by a Client/Server interaction The Term Client and Server describe the function roles of elements in the N/W The process or Element that request or receives the information is called client and the process or element that supplies the information is called SERVER
Optical Transport N/W ( OTN) OMS layer represents a link carrying group of wavelengths b/w multiplexing equipments or OADMs. OTS layer relates to link b/w two optical amplifier.