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CHART OR MAP PROJECTION

The process of transferring information from the Earth to a map causes every projection to distort at least one aspect of the real world either shape, area, distance, or direction.

EARTH

AZIMUTHAL SURFACE

CONIC SURFACE CYLINDRICAL SURFACE

1. CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION
Cylindrical Projection projects information from the spherical Earth to a cylinder. The cylinder may be either tangent to the Earth along a selected line, or may be secant (intersect the Earth) along two lines.

 TangentTouching at a single point or along a single line. A tangent cone or cylinder touches the sphere or spheroid along a single line. This line is a parallel of latitude if the axes of the geometric figures coincide.

SecantCutting the sphere or spheroid along a line or lines. A secant cone or cylinder intersects the sphere or spheroid along two separate lines; these lines are parallels of latitude if the axes of the geometric figures coincide. A secant plane intersects the sphere or spheroid along a line that is a parallel of latitude if the plane is at right angles to the axis.

A. MERCATOR PROJECTION
A CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION WHOSE PLANE IS TANGENT TO THE EQUATOR. (INVENTED BY FLEMISH CARTOGRAPHER GERARD KREMER MERCATOR) 400 YRS.AGO

 USES OF MERCATOR CHART MOST WIDELY USED IN NAVIGATION. RHUMBLINE APPEARS AS STRAIGHT LINE. GREAT CIRCLE APPEARS AS CONCAVE OR CURVED LINE. MERIDIANS AND VERTICAL LINES ARE EQUALLY SPACED. .

B. TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION

A CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION WHOSE PLANE IS TANGENT ALONG THE MERIDIAN.
*USED FOR STAR CHART

C.OBLIQUE PROJECTION
CYLINDER IS TANGENT AT ANY GREAT CIRCLES OTHER THAN THE EQUATOR OR MERIDIAN.

*SIMILAR TO GNOMONIC CHART

2.CONIC PROJECTION
ConicA map projection where the Earth's surface is projected onto a tangent or secant cone, which is then cut from apex to base and laid flat. It is also the process of transferring points from surface of the Earth to a cone or series of cones.

A.SINGLE OR SIMPLE CONIC PROJECTION ONE STANDARD

PARALLEL

 B.LAMBERT CONFORMAL PROJECTION TWO STANDARD PARALLELS. *USED BY AIRCRAFT *USED IN HIGH LATITUDES (POLAR CHART) *MERIDIANS ARE STRAIGHT LINES APPROXIMATES A GREAT CIRCLE. *PLOTTING RADIO BEARINGS LONG DISTANCE

 C. POLYCONIC PROJECTION PARALLEL (LATITUDE) LIMITATION USES SERIES OF CONES. *NON CONFORMALNOT USE IN NAV. *USED IN SURVEYING PURPOSES. *WIDELY USED IN ATLASES,FOR AREAS OF LARGE LATITUDE AND LARGE LONGITUDES SUCH AS CONTINENTS.

POLYCONIC PROJECTIONS

3.AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION
POINTS ON THE EARTH SURFACE ARE PROJECTED DIRECTLY INTO A PLANE SURFACE.

AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION

A.GNOMONIC PROJECTION
POINTS GEOMETRICALLY PROJECTED FROM THE CENTER OF THE EARTH.

USE FOR GREAT CIRCLE CHART

B.STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
A PROJECTION COMING FROM THE ANTIPODE,CONCEIVED AS PROJECTED BY RADIAL LINES FROM ANY POINT ON THE SURFACE TO A PLANE TANGENT TO THE ANTIPODE. ANTIPODE = TWO PLACES WHICH IS DIRECTLY OPPOSITE EACH OTHER ON THE EARTH USED IN POLAR NAVIGATION.

C. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
PROJECTING LINES EMANATING FROM A POINT AT INFINITY PERPENDICULAR TO A TANGENT PLANE. USED FOR PERSPECTIVE VIEWS OF THE EARTH, MOON, AND OTHER PLANETS

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

SCALE
RATIO OF A LENGTH ON A CHART TO THE ACTUAL LENGTH ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. A. REPRESENTIVE FRACTION ( EX. 1:50,000 ) B. GRAPHIC SCALE

CHARTS ACCORDING TO SCALE: 1.SMALL SCALE - COVERS LARGE AREA 2.LARGE SCALE COVERS SMALL AREA

CHART CLASSIFICATION
1.HARBOUR CHART- (1:50,000 & LARGER SCALE) USE IN HARBOUR AND SMALLER WATERWAYS. 2.COASTAL CHART- (1:50,000 150,000) USE FOR INSHORE NAVIGATION, ENTERING/LEAVING HARBOURS. 3.GENERAL CHART- (1:150,000 600,000) OUTSIDE OF OUTLYING REEF AND SHOALS. 4.SAILING CHART- (1:600,000 & SMALLER SCALE) USE FOR VOYAGE PLANNING,FOR SAILING BETWEEN DISTANT COASTWISE PORT.

1. A perspective azimuthal map projection in which points on the surface of a sphere or spheroids are conceived as projected by radial from the center to the tangent plane. A. azimuthal projection B. conic projection C. gnomonic projection D. stereographic projection

 2. A type of projection in which points on the surface of sphere or spheroids are conceived as projected by radial lines from any point on the surface to a plane tangent to the antipode of the point of projection. A. conic projection B. gnomonic projection C. lambert projection D. stereographic projection

 3. This is the earths representation on a surface, either plane or curved according to a definite plan. A. chart projection B. conic projection C. mercator projection D. Lamberts projection

 4. A conformal map projection in which the surface of the earth, sphere or spheroid is conceived as developed on a cylinder tangent along the equator. A. polyconic projection B. mercator projection C. conic projection D. azimuthal projection

 5. A map projection in which the surface of the earth, sphere or spheroid is conceived as developed on a tangent cylinder, which is then spread out to form a plane. A. azimuthal projection B. cylindrical projection C. orthographic projection D. polyconic projection

 6. A perspective azimuthal projection in which the projecting lines, emanating from a point at infinity, are perpendicular to a tangent plane. A. stereographic projection B. polyconic projection C. orthographic projection D. gnomonic projection

 7. A conic projection with two standard parallels in which the surface of a sphere or a spheroid is conceived as developed on a cone which intersects the sphere or spheroid at two standard parallels. A. gnomonic projection B. lambert conformal projection C. polyconic projection D. stereographic projection

 8. A conic map projection in which the surface of a sphere or spheroid is conceived as developed on a series of tangent cones, which are then spread out to form a plane. A. azimuthal projection B. gnomonic projection C. polyconic projection D. stereographic projection

 9. A map projection in which the surface of a sphere is conceived as developed on a tangent plane, with the result that bearing of a point from the center are correctly represented. A. azimuthal projection B. conic projection C. polyconic projection D. stereographic projection

 10. A map projection in which the surface of a sphere or spheroid is conceived as developed on a tangent or secant cone or cones, which are the spread out to for a plane. A. azimuthal projection B. conic projection C. cylindrical projection D. mercator projection

 11. For what purpose would be using Lambert conformal chart be more convenient than using a Mercator? A. Plotting radio bearings over a long distance B. Determining latitude and longitude of a fix C. Measuring rhumbline distance D. Measuring rhumbline directions

 12. In very high latitudes, the most practical chart projection to use is the: A. Azimuthal B. Gnomonic C. Mercator D. Lambert conformal

 13. When navigating in high latitudes and using a chart based on a Lambert conformal projection. A. A straight line drawn on the chart approximates a great circle B. The chart should not be used outside of the standard parallels C. The course angle is measured at the mid-longitude of the trackline D. Distance cannot be measured directly from the chart

 14. When using a Lambert conformal chart in high latitudes, angle such as bearings are measured in reference to: A. The meridian through the object of the bearing B. The meridian through the ships position C. The meridian midway between the ship and the object D. Any meridian

 15. Which conic projection chart features straight lines, which closely approximates a great circle? A. Lambert conformal B. Orthographic C. Polyconic D. Stereographic

 16. Which statement is true concerning a simple conic chart projection? A. It is an equal-area projection B. It is conformal projection C. Meridians appear as curved lines D. The scale is correct along any meridian

17. A polyconic projection is based on a: A. Plane tangent at one parallel B. Cylinders tangent at one parallel C. Cone tangent at one parallel D. Series of cones tangent at selected parallels

 18. Which chart projection would be most suitable for marine surveying? A. Gnomonic B. Lambert conformal C. Polyconic D. Mercator

 19. You would find variation on a polyconic chart: A. On the compass rose B. On the mileage scale C. Written on the chart title D. At each line of longitude

20. A gnomonic projection is based on a/an: A. Plane tangent at one point B. Cylinder tangent at the equator C. Cone tangent atone equator D. Infinite series of cones tangent at selected parallels

 21. All straight lines represent great circle tracks on a chart from a/an: A. Gnomonic projection B. Mercator projection C. Orthogrphic projection D. Polyconic projection

 22. What type of projection is formed if a plane is tangent to the earth and points are projected geometrically from the center of the earth? A. Lambert conformal B. Mercator C. Oblique gnomonic D. Transverse conic

 23. Which of the following statements is correct concerning a gnomonic projection? A. A rhumbline appears as a straight line B. Distance is measured at the mid-latitude of a particular course to be used C. Meridians appear as curved lines converging towards the nearer pole D. Parallels except the equator appear as curved lines

24. A mercator chart is a/an: A. Cylindrical projection B. Polyconic projection C. Rectangular projection D. Simple conic projection

 25. Distance is measured on a mercator chart using. A. Latitude scale at the middle of the scale B. Longitude scale at the middle of the scale C. Linear scale near the title block D. Latitude or longitude scale at the middle of the scale

 26. The only cylindrical projection widely used for chart navigation is: A. Azimuthal B. Gnomonic C. Lambert conformal D. Mercator

 27. On a mercator chart, a great circle track will appear as which of the following? A. A loxodromic curve B. A curved line concave to the equator C. A straight line D. A spiral approaching the poles as a limit

 28. On a gnomonic chart, a great circle track will appear as: A. A loxodromic curve B. A curved line concave to the equator C. A straight line D. A spiral approaching the poles as a limit

 29. A conventional representation usually on a plane surface of all or part of the physical features of the earths surface is called: A. chart B. map C. marine chart D. marine map

30. A conventional representation usually on a plane surface of all or part of the physical features of the earths surface intended primarily for navigation is called_______. A. chart B. marine chart C. map D. marine map

31. A conventional representation usually on a plane surface of all or part of the physical features of the earths surface intended primarily for marine navigation is called: A. chart B. map C. marine chart D. marine map

 32. A method of representing all or part of the surface of a sphere or spheroid upon a plane surface is called: A. geometric projection B. spherical projection C. orthographic projection D. chart projection

 33. A projection where points on the earth are transferred directly to a plane and the origin of the projecting rays is the center of the earth is called: A. gnomonic projection B. orthographic projection C. polyconic projection D. stereographic projection

 34. A projection where points on the earth are transferred directly to a plane and the origin of the projecting rays is the point opposite the planes point of tangency is called: A. azimuthal projection B. gnomonic projection C. orthographic projection D. stereographic projection

 35. A projections where points on the earth are transferred directly to a plane and the projecting lines are parallel to each other is called: A. azimuthal projection B. gnomonic projection C. orthographic projection D. stereographic projection

 36. A projection where the plane is tangent to the earth and points are projected geometrically from the center of the earth is called: A. gnomonic projection B. polyconic projection C. stereographic projection D. orthographic projection

 37. What is the type of chart projection wherein the points on the surface of the sphere are conceived as projected by radial from the center of the tangent plane? A. Azimuthal projection B. Gnomonic projection C. Orthographic projection D. Stereographic projection

 38. Which type of chart is with 1:50.000 to 1:150.000 scale being used for inshore navigation, for entering large bays and harbors of considerable width? A. General chart B. Harbor chart C. Particular chart D. Pilot chart

 39. Charts of larger than 1:50,000 scales used in harbours, anchorage areas and the smaller waterways. A. sailing chart B. general chart C. sailing chart D. harbor chart

 40. Charts of 1:50,000 to 1:150,000 scale used for inshore navigation, for entering bays and harbours of considerable width, and for navigating large inland waterways. A. general chart B. coast chart C. sailing chart D. harbour chart

 41. This is a chart of 1:150,000 to 1:600,000 scale used for coastwise navigation outside of outlying reefs and shoals when the vessel is generally within sight of land or aids to navigation. A. general chart B. coast chart C. sailing chart D. harbour chart

 42. This is a chart of 1:600,000 scale and smaller used in fixing the mariners position as he approaches the coast from the open sea or sailing between distant coastwise port. A. coast chart B. general chart C. sailing chart D. harbour chart

43. The scale of a general chart could be: A. 1:200.000 B. 1:25.000 C. 1:5000.000 D. 1:1,000.000

 44. Charts of larger scale covering smaller areas are used in the approaches to. A. harbors B. pilot waters C. port limits D. rivers and channels

 45. Charts used for planning fixing position at sea on a long voyage are called: A. pilot charts B. general charts C. sailing charts D. gnomonic charts

 46. The original date of issue of a new chart is shown on top center margin written with: A. new print B. new edition C. first print D. first edition

 47. The original date of issue of a new chart is shown at the. A. top center margin B. middle of a chart C. lower left of the chart D. lower right of the chart

 48. At the time of printing, correction are too numerous making previous printing obsolete, a printing is made called: A. reprint B. new edition C. revised print D. 2nd edition

49. New edition is marked on the charts: A. upper left hand corner B. upper right hand corner C. lower left hand corner D. lower right hand corner

 50. A print which does not supersede a current edition is called: A. revised print B. reprint C. 2nd edition D. 1st edition

 51. The date of revised print is on the charts. A. left of the edition date B. right of the edition date C. middle D. top middle

 52. All depths indicated on charts are reckoned from some selected levels of the water called: A. Mean high water B. Mean low water C. Chart Datum D. Chart Sounding Datum

 53. A good chart can be distinguished from indifferent one by: A. date of survey B. date of printing C. its edition D. date of correction

 54. Which of the following publications would you refer to obtain navigational informations when entering a foreign port? A. sailing direction B. world port index C. coast pilot D. port catalogue

 55. Which of the following publications can provide you advance information on the facilities of a certain port? A. coast pilot B. world port index C. sailing direction D. port catalogue

 56. This is a descriptive book for the use of mariners giving detailed information of coastal water, harbour facilities, etc. of an area. A. coast pilot B. sailing direction C. world port index D. notice to mariners

 57. This is a weekly publication giving information on changes in aids to navigation, danger to navigation and all such information as affect the mariners charts, manuals and sailing directions. A. coast pilot list B radio navigation warnings C. notice to mariner D. none of these

 58. This is a publication containing the complete listing of all lights, buoys, day beacons, ranges and other navigational lights with their locations, candle power and characteristics. A. sailing directions B. light stations C. coast pilot D. light list

 59. This is an annual publication of U.S. Naval Observatory and Royal Greenwich Observatory listing the Greenwich hour angle and declination of various celestial bodies and other astronomical information useful to navigators. A. Nautical almanac B. Sight reduction table C. H.O. 229 D. H.O. 214

 60. Notice to mariner is issued for correcting: A radio navigational aids B. world port index C. charts and references D. all of these

 61. Which of the following information cannot be found on pilot chart? A. Steamers route B. Wind condition C. Ocean current D. Tidal information

 62. A nautical publication which gives information about the customs, current, aids to navigation and pilotage. A. sailing direction B. coast pilot C. notice to mariners D. current table

 63. Which publication can give you information on the kind of facilities for repairs of any nearest port. A. world port index B. sailing directions C. port pilot D. coast pilot

 64. A book serving as an adjunet to nautical charts containing information of importance to the navigator, most of which cannot be shown on the charts and is not readily available elsewhere. A. coast pilot B. nautical almanac C. world port index D. sailing direction

 65. The most reliable way to check if any iceberg is expected to encounter during the voyage is refer to: A. world port index B. sailing direction C. coast pilot D. all of these

 66. This is the publication used for determining computed altitude for comparison with the observed altitude of a celestial body to find the intercept for establishing a line of position. A. useful table B. nories table C. sight reduction table D. all of these

 67. Which aid is not marked on a chart with a magenta circle? A. Radar station B. Radar responder beacon C. Aeronautical beacon D. Loran station

 68. What publication contains descriptions of the coastline, buoyage systems a weather conditions, port facilities, and navigation instruction for the United States and its possessions? A. Sailing directions B. Port index C. Coast pilots D. Light list

 69. When a buoy is in position during only a certain period of the year, where may the dates when the buoy is in position be determined? A. Light list B. Notice to mariners C. On the chart D. Coast pilot

 70. How is the intensity of light expressed in the Light List? A. Luminous range B. Geographic range C. Nominal range D. Meteorological range

 71. What publication contains information regarding the dangers to navigation in the English Channel? A. Channel Pilot Guide B. World Port Index C. Coast Pilot D. Sailing Directions Enroute

 72. This is the shorter arc of any meridian between the parallels of two places expressed in angular measure. A. difference of latitude B. middle latitude C. mean latitude D. inverse latitude

 73. This is half the arithmetical sum of the latitude of two places on the same side of the equator. A. mean latitude B. deference of latitude C. mid latitude D. inverse latitude

 74. This is the angular distance from a primary great circle or plane measured north or south through 90. A. longitude B. rhumb line C. course line D. latitude

 75. A line on the surface of the earth making the same oblique angle with all meridians. A. latitude B. rhumb line C. longitude line D. azimuth line

 76. This is the distance between the two meridians at any given parallel of latitude, expressed in nautical miles. A. difference of longitude B. great circle distance C. difference of latitude D. departure

 77. This is the angular distance along a primary great circle or the angle between a reference plane through the polar axis and a second plane through that axis. A. great circle track B. longitude C. azimuth D. none of these

 78. This is the latitude at which the arc length of the parallel separating the meridians passing through two specific points is exactly equal to the departure in proceeding from one point to the other. A. mean latitude B. middle latitude C. difference of latitude D. inverse latitude

 79. To find out if a pilot services are available on a certain port, which publication does provide this information? A. coast pilot B. world port index C. sailing direction D. all of these

 80. This is a graphic presentation on a plane surface of a section of the earths sea surface constructed to include known dangers and aids to navigation. A. chart catalogue B. nautical chart C. coast chart D. light list

 81. The color used in various charts to emphasize certain details, notably lights and radio aids and nowadays, to distinguish numerous features superimposed on the basic hydrography. A. blue tint B. red C. green D. magenta

 82. This is shown in the most convenient place in the chart so that no essential navigational information is obscured by it, and in the thumb label on the reversed of the chart. A. Date of publication B. Source data diagram C. Title of the chart D. Chart corrections

 83. In this series there are five regional sheets on the mercator projection covering the North and South Atlantic, Indian, North and South Pacific Oceans. Published in a separate version for each month of the year. They are corrected by notice to mariners and occasional new editions. A. Passage Planning Charts B. Routeing Charts C. CoTidal Charts D. Magnetic Charts

 84. Each weekly edition of the Notice to Mariners consists of the following sections Except: A. Corrections for Sailing Directions B. Admiralty Notice to Mariners C. Temporary and Preliminary Notices D. Navigational Warnings

 85. Designed to give mariners early information of important incident which may constitute a danger to navigation such as particulars of recent dangerous wreck, shoals depth, movement of oil drilling rigs, survey operations and maritime exercises. A. Radio navigational warnings B. Coastal radio warnings C. Local radio warnings D. Fleet notice to mariners

 86. Routeing charts include the following data Except: A. Ice limits B. Routes and distances between ports C. Limits of loadline zones D. Weather pattern

 87. A publication issued at intervals of approximately six months. It records the data of issue of the current editions of each chart and of subsequent relevant Notice to Mariners. A. Cumulative List of Notice to Mariners B. Fleet Notice to Mariners C. Summary of Notice to Mariners D. Semi-Annual Notice to Mariners

 88. Each tracing for chart correction is a pictorial presentation of the printed notice and contains in addition the following details except: A. the chart number B. chart edition date C. the previous correction D. standard folio of the chart

 89. The correction for the Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals is contained on what section of the Weekly Notice to Mariners? A. Section I B. Section IV C. Section VI D. Section V

 90. The number of longitude units in the in the length of a meridian between the parallel of that latitude and the equator. A. departure B. difference of longitude C. difference of meridional parts D. distance

 91. This is shown outside the bottom right-hand and top left-hand corners of the chart and in the thumb label on the reverse of the chart. A. new edition of the chart B. number of the chart C. original edition of the chart D. last edition of the chart

92. The datum shift is published on many charts adjacent to the title, indicating the amount by which a position obtained from a satellite navigation system should be moved to agree with the chart. A. World Geodetic System B. Satellite Derived Position C. Satellite Data Position D. Satellite Survey Position

World Geodetic System defines a fixed global reference frame for the Earth, for use in geodesy and navigation. The latest revision is WGS 84 dating from 1984 (last revised in 2004), which will be valid up to about 2010. Earlier schemes included WGS 72, WGS 64 and WGS 60.

 93. The kind of chart arrangement in which charts are numbered in geographical sets and as far as possible in numerical order and contained in a buckram cover. A. chart catalogue B. chart supplies folio C. chart folio D. chart diagram

 94. This is shown by the date in the thumb label on the reverse of the chart. A. Date of printing B. Date of publication C. Date of new edition D. Date of original publication

 95. The letter PD alongside an obstruction indicated on the chart mean. A positive deviation B. powerful disturbance C. positively dangerous D. position doubtful

 96. In a polyconic chart, the distance is measured by. A. great circle B. straight lines C. parallel lines D. radial lines

 97. The abbreviation SD on a chart means. A. sounding depth B. sounding doubtful C. shallow depth D. sounding dangerous

 98. When a course is through various latitudes, the conversion may be either by midlat sailing or mercator sailing in which the principle is involved in the construction of what chart? A. Great circle chart B. Mercator chart C. Polyconic chart D. Gnomonic chart

 99. A line or series of lines on a chart subdivided and labeled with the distance represented on the chart is called; A. Bar scale B. Latitude scale C. Longitude scale D. Numerical scale

 100. A kind of chart on a specific scale and projections showing a graticule and compass rose designed to be used in conjunction with nautical chart. A. Gnomonic chart B. Mercator chart C. Plotting chart D. Position plotting sheet