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7 (SS7)
signaling
is a set of Telephone
Main function
1. Set up and tear down telephone calls.
2. Number translation.
3. Local number portability. 4. Prepaid billing mechanisms. 5. Short message service (SMS). 6. Mass market services.
Functionality
refers to the exchange of control information associated with the setup and release of a telephone call on a telecommunications circuit An example of this control information is the digits dialed by the caller, the caller's billing number, and other call-related information.
SS7, being a high-speed and high-performance packet-based communications protocol, can communicate significant amounts of information when setting up a call, during the call, and at the end of the call. This permits rich call-related services to be developed. Some of the first such services are call management related, Call forwarding (busy and no answer) voice mail, call waiting, conference calling , calling name and number display, call screening, malicious caller
Due to its richness and the need for an out-of-band channel for its operation, SS7 signaling is mostly used
When operating in the quasi-associated mode, SS7 signaling progresses from the originating switch to the terminating switch, following a path through a separate SS7 signaling network composed of signaling transfer points. This mode is more economical for large networks with lightly loaded
signaling links.
Physical network SS7 separates signaling from the voice circuits. An SS7 network must be made up of SS7-capable equipment from end to end in
One or more signaling links can be connected to the same two endpoints that together form a signaling link set. Signaling links are added to link sets to increase the signaling capacity of the link set.
SIGTRAN provides signaling using SCTP associations over the Internet Protocol. The SS7 protocol stack borrows partially from the OSI Model of a packetized digital protocol stack. OSI layers 1 to 3 are provided by the Message Transfer
The Message Transfer Part (MTP) covers a portion of the functions of the OSI network layer including: network interface, information transfer, message handling and routing to the higher levels.
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) is at functional Level 4. Together with MTP Level 3 it is called the Network Service Part
(NSP).
SCCP completes the functions of the OSI network layer: end-to-end addressing and routing, connectionless messages (UDTs), and management services for users of the Network Service Part (NSP).
The
the
Message
Signaling
Transfer
System
Part
no 7
(MTP)
(SS7)
is
part
used
of
for
communication in Public Switch Telephone network. MTP is responsible for reliable, unduplicated and in-
sequence
transport
of
SS7
messages
between
communication partners.
Functional levels
The SS7 stack can be separated into four functional levels:
Level 1 is the Signaling Data Link Functional Level (Data Link Level). Level 2 is the Signaling Link Functional Level (Link Level). Level 3 is the Signaling Network Functional Level (Network Level). Level 4 is the MTP User and consists of SCCP, ISUP, TUP, or any other MTP User.
Level 1 through Level 3 comprise the MTP, and Level 4 the MTP user. MTP
The part of layer 3 of the OSI model that MTP does not provide, is provided
by SCCP or other Level 4 parts (MTP users).
MTP1
MTP1 represents the physical layer. That is, the layer that is responsible for the connection of SS7 Signaling Points into the transmission network over which they communicate with each other. Primarily, this involves the conversion of messaging into electrical signal and the maintenance of the physical links through which these pass. In this way, it is analogous to the Layer 1 of ISDN or other, perhaps more familiar, protocols. MTP1 normally uses a timeslot in an E-Carrier or T- Carrier. The Physical interfaces defined include E-1 (2048 kb/s; 32 64 kb/s channels), DS-1 (1544 kb/s; 24 64kb/s channels), V.35 (64 kb/s), DS-0 (64 kb/s), and DS0A (56 kb/s).
Q.2140 and Q. 2210 describe the signaling link function referred to asMTP3b. The signaling link functional level may also be provided using the SIGTRAN protocol M2PA described in RFC 4165.
MTP2
provides
flow
control,
error
detection
and
sequence checking, and retransmits unacknowledged messages. MTP2 uses packets called signal units to
The functions of MTP Level 3 may also be replaced with the Generic
MTP3 establishes alternative links and re-routes traffic away from failed links and signaling points and propagates information about route availability through
in RFC 4666.
MTP Users
Level 4 consists of MTP Users. The remaining components of the SS7 stack are all directly, or indirectly, MTP Users.
Some examples of parts at Level 4 are SCCP, ISUP and TUP. The services provided to MTP Level 4 by the MTP (that is, MTP to MTP Users) is described in ITU-T Recommendation Q.701.
The Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) is a network layer protocol that provides: 1. extended routing. 2. flow control.
3. Segmentation.
4. connection-orientation. 5. error correction facilities. in Signaling System 7 telecommunications networks. SCCP relies on the services of MTP for basic routing and error detection.
Although MTP provides routing capabilities based upon the Point Code,
determine Point Codes from Global Titles so as to instruct MTP on where to route messages. SCCP messages contain parameters which describe the type of addressing used, and how the message should be routed
SCCP provides 5 classes of protocol to its applications: Class 0: Basic connectionless. Class 1: Sequenced connectionless. Class 2: Basic connection-oriented. Class 3: Flow control connection oriented. Class 4: Error recovery and flow control connection oriented.
In the SIGTRAN suite of protocols, there are two primary methods of transporting SCCP applications across Internet Protocol networks: SCCP can be transported indirectly using the MTP level 3 User Adaptation protocol (M3UA), a protocol which provides support for users of MTP-3including SCCP.
Alternatively,
SCCP
applications
can
operate
directly
over
the SCCP User Adaptation protocol (SUA) which is a form of modified SCCP designed specifically for use in IP networking.
Transaction Capabilities Application Part(TCAP) Its primary purpose is to facilitate multiple concurrent dialogs between the same sub-systems on the same machines, using Transaction IDs to differentiate these, similar to the way TCP ports facilitate multiplexing connections between the same IP addresses on the Internet.
Each TCAP component may be one of the following types: Invoke components have a signed 7 bit Invoke ID which is present in all the other components to identify which invoke they relate to.
TCAP is based on the OSI defined ROSE, Remote Operations Services Element protocol.
The CAMEL Application Part (CAP) is a signaling protocol used in the Intelligent Network (IN) architecture. CAP is a Remote Operations Service Element (ROSE) user protocol, and as such is
CAP is based on a subset of the ETSI Core and allows for the implementation of carrier-grade, value added services such as unified messaging, prepaid, fraud control and Free phone in both the GSM voice and GPRS data networks.
Protocol specification The CAMEL Application Part (CAP) portable software provides mechanisms to support operator services beyond the standard GSM services for subscribers roaming within or outside the Home PLMN (HPLMN). The CAP
closed user groups (e.g., office extension numbers that work everywhere).
The definition of the protocol may be considered to be split into three sections:
The ISDN User Part or ISUP is part of the Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) which is used to set up telephone calls in the public switched telephone network (PSTN). When a telephone call is set up from one subscriber to another, several telephone exchanges could be involved, possibly across international boundaries. To allow a call to be set up correctly, where ISUP is supported, a switch will signal call-related information like called party number to the next switch in the network using ISUP messages.
ISUP variants
Number of variants used by ISUP protocol. Variants in ISUP covers
national requirements. ANSI specifies variations of ISUP utilized under the North American Numbering Plan; however, some
Message types
An ISUP message contains a fixed header containing the circuit
identification code and the ISUP message type, followed by a mandatory fixed-length parameter part, a mandatory variable-length parameter part, and an optional parameter part that are dependent on the type of message being sent. ISUP messages can be sent using the services of the Message Transfer Part, or, less often, the Signaling Connection Control Part. These messages are transmitted in various stages of call
1. Answer message (ANM) Sent when the subscriber picks up the phone, a resource is connected or answer supervision is returned by an interworking point. Normally charging starts at this moment. It is required that the call be cut through in both directions by this point.
Release codes
Release codes are used to identify and debug any events occurring
in ISDN User Part signaling. Every event in ISUP signaling generates a release code number. Even for a normal ISUP call, a release code is generated. There are lot of applications developed based on the release code from ISUP signaling. Similarly Telecom operators trace for Release codes to debug any call failures. Following are the list of releases codes used. Release codes only defined by number are effectively undefined, and may be used for proprietary solutions.
The Signaling Information Field (SIF) for all ISUP Message Signal Units (MSU) contain the following components: Routing Label Circuit Identification Code Message Type Mandatory Fixed Part Mandatory Variable Part
Optional Part
The Routing Label indicates the Point Codes of the originating and destination nodes in the network; it also includes the Signaling Link Selection field that is used to select between the multiple routes an MSU could take between two nodes. The Circuit Identification Code is used to specify which trunk between
1.
The Message Type indicates the ISUP message type. The presence and
Facilities provided
The primary facilities provided by MAP are:
1. Mobility Services: location management (to support roaming), authentication, managing service subscription information, fault recovery, 2. Operation and Maintenance: subscriber tracing, retrieving a subscriber's IMSI 3. Call Handling: routing, managing calls whilst roaming, checking that a subscriber is available to receive calls 4. Supplementary Services
5.
Short Message Service Packet Data Protocol (PDP) services for GPRS:
providing routing information for GPRS connections
6.
Implementation
MAP is a TCAP user, and as such can be transported using 'traditional' SS7 protocols or over IP using Transport Independent Signaling
MAP Signaling
In mobile cellular telephony networks like GSM and UMTS the SS7 application MAP is used. Voice connections are Circuit Switched(CS) and data connections are Packet Switched (PS) applications.
1.
B -> VLR (uses MAP/B). Most MSCs are associated with a Visitor Location Register (VLR), making the B interface "internal".
2.
C Interface
3. D -> HLR (uses MAP/D) for attaching to the CS network and location update 4. E -> MSC (uses MAP/E) for inter-MSC handover
5.
6.
There are also several GSM/UMTS PS interfaces in the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) transported over SS7: 1. Gr-> HLR for attaching to the PS network and location update
2. 3. Gd -> SMS-C for SMS over PS
Gs -> MSC for combined CS+PS signaling over PS 4. Ge -> Charging for Customized Applications for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) prepaid charging
INAP The Intelligent Network Application Protocol (INAP) is a signaling protocol used in the intelligent network architecture. It can also be termed as logic for controlling telecommunication services migrated from traditional switching points to computer based service independent platform A typical application for the IN is a Number Translation service.
The Telephone exchange uses TCAP, SCCP and INAP and in IN terms is a Service Switching Point. It sends an INAP Initial Detection Point (IDP) message to the Service Control Point (SCP). The SCP returns an INAP Connect message, which contains a geographic number to forward the call to.
INAP messages are defined using ASN.1 encoding. SCCP is used for the
routing. Extended form of INAP is Customized Applications
for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL). TCAP is used to separate the transactions into discrete units.
IS-41
IS-41, also known as ANSI-41, is a mobile, cellular telecommunications system standard to support mobility management by enabling the networking of switches. ANSI-41 is the standard now approved for use as the network-side companion to the wireless-side AMPS(analog), IS-136 (Digital AMPS), CDMA One, and CDMA2000 networks. It competes with GSM MAP, but the two will eventually merge to support worldwide roaming.
The Telephone exchange uses TCAP, SCCP and INAP and in IN terms is a Service Switching Point. It sends an INAP Initial Detection Point (IDP) message to the Service Control Point (SCP). The SCP returns an INAP
INAP messages are defined using ASN.1 encoding. SCCP is used for the routing. Extended form of INAP is Customized Applications
for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL). TCAP is used to separate the transactions into discrete units.