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Regression Analysis
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 X 10 9 11 12 11 12 13 13 14 15 Y 44 40 42 46 48 52 54 58 56 60
Copyright (c) 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
Scatter Diagram
Regression Analysis
Regression Line: Line of Best Fit
Regression Line: Minimizes the sum of the squared vertical deviations (et) of each point from the regression line. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Method
PowerPoint Slides by Robert F. Brooker Copyright (c) 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
Regression Analysis
a Y bX t t et Yt Y t
(X
t 1 n t 1
X )(Yt Y )
t
(X
Y bX a
X)
Xt
10 9 11 12 11 12 13 13 14 15 120
Yt
44 40 42 46 48 52 54 58 56 60 500
Xt X
-2 -3 -1 0 -1 0 1 1 2 3
n
Yt Y
-6 -10 -8 -4 -2 2 4 8 6 10
( X t X )(Yt Y )
12 30 8 0 2 0 4 8 12 30 106
( X t X )2
4 9 1 0 1 0 1 1 4 9 30
n 10
X
t 1 n
X t 120
t 1
Yt 500
t 1
(X
t 1 n
X ) 2 30 X )(Yt Y ) 106
106 3.533 b 30
50 (3.533)(12) 7.60 a
X t 120 12 n 10
Yt 500 50 10 t 1 n
(X
t 1
X t 120 12 n 10
X
t 1
120
2
Y
t 1
500
Yt 500 50 10 t 1 n
(X
t 1 n
X ) 30 X )(Yt Y ) 106
PowerPoint Slides by Robert F. Brooker
106 b 3.533 30
(X
t 1
50 (3.533)(12) 7.60 a
Copyright (c) 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tests of Significance
Standard Error of the Slope Estimate
2 ( Y Y ) t 2 e t
sb
(n k ) ( X t X )
(n k ) ( X t X ) 2
Tests of Significance
Example Calculation
Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Xt
10 9 11 12 11 12 13 13 14 15
Yt
44 40 42 46 48 52 54 58 56 60
Y t
42.90 39.37 46.43 49.96 46.43 49.96 53.49 53.49 57.02 60.55
et Yt Y t
1.10 0.63 -4.43 -3.96 1.57 2.04 0.51 4.51 -1.02 -0.55
)2 et2 (Yt Y t
1.2100 0.3969 19.6249 15.6816 2.4649 4.1616 0.2601 20.3401 1.0404 0.3025 65.4830
( X t X )2
4 9 1 0 1 0 1 1 4 9 30
e (Yt Yt )2 65.4830
t 1 2 t t 1
(X
t 1
X ) 30
2
sb
(Y Y ) ( n k ) ( X X )
2 t t
Tests of Significance
Example Calculation
2 2 e ( Y Y ) t t t 65.4830 t 1 t 1 n n
2 ( X X ) 30 t t 1
2 (Yt Y )
Tests of Significance
Calculation of the t Statistic
3.53 b t 6.79 sb 0.52
Tests of Significance
Decomposition of Sum of Squares
Total Variation = Explained Variation + Unexplained Variation
2 2 (Yt Y ) (Y Y ) (Yt Yt ) 2
Tests of Significance
Decomposition of Sum of Squares
Tests of Significance
Coefficient of Determination
R2 Explained Variation 2 TotalVariation ( Y Y ) t
2 ( Y Y )
Tests of Significance
Coefficient of Correlation
r R2 withthe signof b
1 r 1
r 0.85 0.92
Model:
Y a b1 X 1 b2 X 2
bk ' X k '
R 2 1 (1 R 2 )
Durbin-Watson Statistic
Test for Autocorrelation
2 ( e e ) t t 1 t 2 2 e t t 1 n n
Power Function:
b1 QX a ( PX )( PYb2 )
Estimation Format:
ln QX ln a b1 ln PX b2 ln P Y