1 - WCDMA RAN Fundamental

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WCDMA RAN Fundamental

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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Outline the advantage of CDMA technology Outline the fundamentals of UTRAN Outline the key technologies of UTRAN Outline radio interface protocol Architecture Describe key technology of UMTS physical layer Describe UMTS physical layer procedures
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Chapter 1 CDMA Fundamental

Chapter 2 WCDMA Key Technologies Chapter 3 Physical Layer Overview Chapter 4 WCDMA Key Technology Chapter 5 Physical Layer Procedures
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Multiple Access Technology

FDMA TDMA
power
power
CDMA
power
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Characteristics of CDMA System

High Spectral Efficiency
Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

soft capacity
Quality Coverage Interference

Self-interference system
A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.
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Correlation
Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals.
EXAMPLE:
+1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1
-1 1 -1 1 (a) -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 correlation Identical signals -1 1 -1 1 (b) 11 11 -1 1 -1 1 Zero correlation Orthogonal signals
+1 0 -1
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Spreading
UE1:
UE2: c1: c2: UE1c1 UE2c2
1
1
1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE1c1 UE2c2 0 2 0 2
0 2 0 2
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Dispreading
UE1c1 UE2c2: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
UE1 Dispreading by c1: Dispreading result: Integral judgment:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
4 (means1) 4 (means1)
UE2 Dispreading by c2: Dispreading result: Integral judgment:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
4 (means1) 4 (means1)
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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

P(f) Spreading code P(f)
f Narrowband signal
f Broadband signal P(f) f
Noise
Recovered signal P(f)
Signal Combination
Noise+Broadband signal P(f)
Spreading code
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WCDMA Source Coding

AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) voice coding
Multi-rate: 8 kinds of coding rates Benefit multi-mode terminal design Adaptation: when cell load increases, the system will decrease speech rate of part of subscribers automatically so as to support more subscribers.
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WCDMA Channel Coding

Purpose:
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when interference occurs.
Types
Speech service: Convolution code1/21/3 Data service: Turbo code
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WCDMA Interleaving
Interleaving is used for continuous bit error correction

... 452 453 454
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...
First interleaving
B0 1 9 .
B1 2 10 . . .
B2 3 11 . . .
B3 4 12 . . .
B4 5 13 . . .
B5 6 14 . . .
B6 7 15 . . .
B7 8 16 . . .
....
Second interleaving
. .
....
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
{A4,B0}
{A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0}
{B5,C1}
{B6,C2} Page 13
{B7,C3}
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Terms
Bit, Symbol, Chip
Bit : data after source coding Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving Chip: data after spreading
Process Gain: 10log (cps/bps); for different service, the Gain is different Process Gain is smaller, UE need more power for this service
Process Gain is smaller, the coverage of the service is smaller
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WCDMA Spreading Code: OVSFWalsh

OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor, generated by Walsh matrix
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
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Purpose of OVSF
For uplink, OVSF is used to separate different services of one connection For downlink, OVSF is used to separate different connections
Typical service AMR
Data rate
Downlink SF 128
Uplink SF 64
12.2+3.4 28.8+3.4 12.2+64+3.4 12.2+144+3.4 12.2+384+3.4
Modem28.8k
64
32
12.2kAMR & 64k packet data 12.2kAMR & 144k packet data 12.2kAMR & 384k packet data
32 16 8
16 8 4
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Primary Scrambling Code

Primary scrambling code 0
Set 0 Scrambling codes for downlink physical channels Secondary scrambling code 1 Secondary scrambling code 15 Primary scrambling code 51116
Set 1
Set 511
8192 scrambling codes
512 sets
Secondary scrambling code 5111615
A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are included in a set.
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Primary Scrambling Code Group

Primary scrambling code 0 Group 0 Primary scrambling codes for downlink physical channels Group 1 Primary scrambling code 1 Primary scrambling code 15 Primary scrambling code 8*63
Group 63
Primary scrambling code 63*87 512 primary scrambling codes 64 primary scrambling code groups Each group consists of 8 primary scrambling codes
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WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different transmitting
abilities in air interface R99/R4: adopt QPSK DL max data rate is 2.7Mbps HSDPA: adopt 16QAM DL max data rate is 14.4Mbps
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Multi-path Environment
Transmitted signal
Received signal Time

Fading
Received Power(dBm) -20 Fast fading Slow fading -40
-60
10
20
30
Distance(m)
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Introduction to Diversity Technique

Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining
Reduce the effects of fading Improve the reliability of communication Increase the coverage and capacity
Diversity methods
Time diversity Frequency diversity
Space diversity
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Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator s(t) s(t) Calculate the time delay and signal strength Combiner The combined signal
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
WCDMA Fast Power Control

Without power control
With power control
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UTRAN Protocol Structure

Core Network Iu RNS Iur RNC RNC Iub NodeB Iub NodeB Iub NodeB RNS Iu
Iub
NodeB
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Radio Interface Protocol Structure

GC Nt DC Duplication avoidance
GC
C-plane signaling
Nt
DC U-plane information
UuS boundary
RRC control control
control
L3 Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP
control control
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC RLC RLC RLC
RLC
L2/RLC
Logical Channels MAC L2/MAC Transport Channels L1
PHY
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Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions Section 2 Channel Mapping
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WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels

In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three
channels: Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.

Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types
of the carried services, it is divided into two types: Control channel and service channel.
Transport channel: It is the interface of radio interface layer 2 and
physical layer, and is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical layer. According to whether the information transported is dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of
information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of channel which uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a dedicated channel.
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Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel Common traffic channel (DTCH) (CTCH) Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel Paging control channel Dedicate control channel Common control channel
(BCCH) (PCCH) (DCCH) (CCCH) Control channel
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Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
-DCH is an uplink or downlink channel
Dedicated transport channel
Broadcast channel Forward access channel
(BCH) (FACH)
Paging channel
Random access channel
(PCH)
(RACH)
Common transport channel
High-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH)
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Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.

In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.

Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.

Two types of physical channel:UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase
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Downlink Physical Channel

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(Downlink DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel
Paging Indicator Channel Acquisition Indicator Channel Common Pilot Channel
(SCH)
(PICH) (AICH) (CPICH)
Downlink Physical Channel
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)

High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
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Uplink Physical Channel

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH) Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH) High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel (HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
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Function of physical channel

Cell broadcast channels
P-CPICH-Primary Common Pilot Channel S-CPICH-Secondary Common Pilot Channel P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel SCH- Synchronisation Channel
Paging channels
S-CCPCH-Secondary Common Control Physical Channel PICH-Paging Indicator Channel
Random access channels Node B

PRACH-Physical Random Access Channel AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel
UE
Dedicated channels
DPDCH-Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCCH-Dedicated Physical Control Channel
High speed downlink share channels

HS-SCCH-High Speed Share Control Channel
HS-PDSCH-High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel HS-DPCCH-High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
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Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)

Used for cell search Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH. SSC specifies the scrambling code
groups of the cell. SSC is chosen from a set of 16 SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips different codes of length 256, there of every time slot. are altogether 64 primary scrambling PSC is transmitted repeatedly in each code groups. time slot.
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
Primary SCH Secondary SCH
ac p ac si,0 256 chips 2560 chips
ac p ac si,1
ac p
i,14
acs
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
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Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)

Scrambling Code Group Group 0 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 61 Group 62 Group 63 #0 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 #1 1 1 2 2 2 10 11 12 #2 2 5 1 3 16 13 12 10 #3 8 16 15 1 6 10 15 15 #4 9 7 5 8 6 11 12 13 #5 10 3 5 6 11 15 9 14 slot number #6 #7 #8 15 8 10 14 16 3 12 16 6 5 2 5 15 5 12 15 13 9 9 13 14 16 11 15 #9 16 10 11 8 1 12 14 11 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 2 7 15 7 16 5 12 14 12 10 2 16 11 15 12 4 4 6 3 7 15 12 16 11 2 14 10 11 13 16 13 16 15 12 14 14 16 11 16 10
Slot # ? P-SCH S-SCH
Slot #?
Slot #?
acp 16
256 chips 2560 chips
acp 6
acp 11
..
Group 2 Slot 7, 8, 9
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Common Pilot Channel(CPICH)

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Carries pre-defined sequence. Fixed rate 30Kbps SF=256 Primary CPICH
Uses the fixed channel code -- Cch,256,0 Scrambled by the primary scrambling code Only one CPICH per cell Broadcast over the entire cell The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH. By default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH.
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot # i 1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
Slot #14
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Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)

Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code30kbpsCch,256,1 Carry BCH transport channel The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot. Only data part STTD transmit diversity may be used
256 chips SCH T PCCPCH Data 18 bits slot = 2560 chips,20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
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Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

PICH is a fixed-rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI). Frame structure of PICH: one frame of length 10ms consists of 300 bits of which 288 bits
are used to carry paging indicators and the remaining 12 bits are not defined.
N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with
this paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.
288 bits for paging indication

b0 b1
12 bits (undefined)
b 287 b 288 b 299
One radio frame (10 ms)
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Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)

Carry FACH and PCH. Two kinds of SCCPCH: with or without SF =256 - 4. FACH and PCH can be mapped to the
TFCI. UTRAN decides if a TFCI should be transmitted, UE must support TFCI.

Possible rates are the same as that of
same or separate SCCPCHs. If
mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they

can be mapped to the same fame.
downlink DPCH
Data N Data bits T slot = 2560 chips,
TFCI N TFCI bits
Pilot N Pilot bits 20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
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Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

The random-access transmission data consists of two parts:
One or several preambleseach preamble is of length 4096chips and consists of 256 repetitions of a signature whose length is 16 chips16 available signatures totally 10 or 20ms message part
Which signature is available and the length of message part are determined by higher layer
Preamble 4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
Message part
10 ms (one radio frame) Message part 20 ms (two radio frames)
Preamble 4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
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PRACH Access Timeslot Structure

radio frame: 10 ms 5120 chips radio frame: 10 ms
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
Access slot #0
Access slot #1
Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission
Access slot #7 Access slot #8
Access slot #14
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PRACH Message Structure

Data N data bits
Data
Control
Pilot N Pilot bits T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
TFCI N TFCI bits
Slot # 0
Slot # 1
Slot # i
Slot # 14
Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms
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Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

Frame structure of AICHtwo frames, 20 ms consists of a repeated
sequence of 15 consecutive AS, each of length 20 symbols(5120 chips). Each time slot consists of two partsan Acquisition-Indicator(AI) and a part of duration 1024chips with no transmission.
Acquisition-Indicator AI have 16 kinds of Signature.
CPICH is the phase reference of AICH.

AI part
a0 a1 a2 a30 a31 a32 a33
Unused part
a38 a39
AS #14
AS #0
AS #1
AS #i 20 ms
AS #14
AS #0
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Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH&DPCCH)

DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed within each radio frame
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1 Each frame is 10ms and consists of 15 time slots, each time slot
consists of 2560 chips

The spreading factor of DPDCH is from 4 to 256 The spreading factor of DPDCH and DPCCH can be different in the
same Layer 1 connection

Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCIFBITPC
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Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
DPDCH
Data N databits
DPCCH
Pilot Npilot bits
TFCI NTFCI bits
FBI NFBI bits
TPC NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 k *2 bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
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Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH+DPCCH)

DCH consists of dedicated data and control information. Control information includesPilotTPCTFCI(optional). The spreading factor of DCH can be from 512 to 4,and can be
changed during connection

DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed.
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Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH
DPDCH Data1 Ndata1 bits
DPCCH TPC NTPC bits TFCI NTFCI bits
DPDCH Data2 Ndata2 bits
DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
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High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)

Bear service data and layer2 overhead bits mapped from the transport
channel
SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Data N Data 1 bits T slot = 2560 chips, M*10*2 k bits (k=4)
Slot #0
Slot#1 1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Slot #2
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High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation
scheme (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport Block size (6bit),HARQ process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new data indicator (1bit), Ue identity (16bit)
HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel
used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Data N Data 1bits T slot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot #0
Slot#1 1 subframe: T f = 2 ms
Slot #2
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High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH )
HS-DPCCH carries information to acknowledge downlink transport
blocks and feedback information to the system for scheduling and link adaptation of transport block CQI and ACK/NACK
Physical Channel ,Uplink, SF=256,power control
T slot = 2560 chips HARQ-ACK 2 Tslot = 5120 chips CQI
One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)
Subframe #0
Subframe #i One radio frame Tf = 10 ms
Subframe #4
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Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions Section 2 Channel Mapping
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Mapping Between Channels

Logical channels BCCH Transport channels BCH FACH PCCH CCCH PCH RACH FACH CTCH DCCH, DTCH FACH DCH HS-DSCH RACH, FACH Physical channels P-CCPCH S-CCPCH S-CCPCH PRACH S-CCPCH S-CCPCH DPDCH HS-PDSCH PRACH, S-CCPCH
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Synchronization ProcedureCell Search

Slot synchronization
UE uses PSC to acquire slot synchronization to a cell
Frame synchronization and code-group identification
UE uses SSC to find frame synchronization and identify the code group of the cell found in the first step
Scrambling-code identification
UE determines the primary scrambling code through correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the identified group, and then detects the P-CCPCH and reads BCH information
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Synchronization Procedure Channel Timing Relationship

Primary SCH Secondary SCH Any CPICH
P - CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 0 t CCPCH,k St PICH PICH for k:th S #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 - CCPCH #6 #7 #8
P - CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 1
k:th S - CCPCH
AICH access slo ts
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
t DPCH,n
n:th DPCH
10 ms
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Random access procedure
START
Choose a RACH sub channel from available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble
No AI Choose a access slot again Check the corresponding AI Get positive AI Choose a signature and increase preamble transmit power The counter of preamble retransmit Subtract-1, Commanded preamble power increased by Power Ramp Step Increase message part power by p -m based on preamble power Get negative AI
Send the corresponding message part
Counter> 0 & Preamble powermaximum allowed power<6 dB N Set physical status to be Nack on AICH received
Set physical status to be RACH message transmitted
Set physical status to be Nack on AICH received
Report the physical status to MAC
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END
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Random Access ProcedureRACH

Physical random access procedure
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access slot set, for the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the selected set, randomly select one uplink access slot corresponding to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such that each of the allowed selections is chosen with equal probability
2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures within the given ASC. 3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_ Retrans_ Max
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4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to Preamble_Initial_Power 5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble transmission power.
6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI +1 nor 1) corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot:
A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC; B: select a signature; C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power; D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the Preamble Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6. Otherwise exit the physical random access procedure.
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7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random access procedure Signature 8. If a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected , Transmit the random access message three or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last transmitted preamble 9. exit the physical random access procedure
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WCDMA RAN Fundamental

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Chapter 1 CDMA Fundamental

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Multiple Access Technology

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Characteristics of CDMA System

Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

Quality Coverage Interference

A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

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-1 1 -1 1 (a) -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 correlation Identical signals -1 1 -1 1 (b) 11 11 -1 1 -1 1 Zero correlation Orthogonal signals

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UE1 Dispreading by c1: Dispreading result: Integral judgment:

UE2 Dispreading by c2: Dispreading result: Integral judgment:

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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

f Broadband signal P(f) f

Recovered signal P(f)

Noise+Broadband signal P(f)

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Chapter 1 CDMA Fundamental

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WCDMA Source Coding

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WCDMA Channel Coding

Speech service: Convolution code1/21/3 Data service: Turbo code

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Interleaving is used for continuous bit error correction

449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456

{A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0}

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Process Gain is smaller, the coverage of the service is smaller

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WCDMA Spreading Code: OVSFWalsh

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1)

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Typical service AMR

12.2+3.4 28.8+3.4 12.2+64+3.4 12.2+144+3.4 12.2+384+3.4

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