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HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IMPROVES OUR LIFE ~SKIN GRAFTING

GROUP :S.W.A.S LECTURER: DR. AZIZAH HANOM GROUP MEMBERS:


FARIDAH BINTI M.M. AKRAM NIMRROD ERIC BALINGI SITI SARAH BINTI JALIL WAN AMIRAH BINTI SAIDI MARCELLIVIA V.W.S

DEFINITION AND PURPOSE


Definition Skin grafting is a surgical procedure in which skin or a skin substitute is placed over a burn or non-healing wound.

Purpose Permanently replace damaged or missing skin To provide temporary wound covering

HISTORY

HISTORY
YEAR 3000 - 2500 BC India - Sanskrit text documents skin grafting techniques HISTORY OF SKIN practiced by the Hindus Koomas caste of potters and tilemakers graft noses from buttock skin. GRAFTING Italy - Brancas successfully transplants nose of a slave to his master using skin graft from the arm. France - Oilier transplants skin using entire epidermis and a portion of the dermis.

1442

1872

1944

United States - Webster uses refrigerated skin as a temporary "dressing" for burns. United States - U.S. Navy establishes the first Skin Bank at the Bethesda Naval Hospital; Polge discovers cryopreservative that allows freezing of viable tissue.

YEAR 1958 United States - Eade proves bacterial count decreases after skin graft placed over burn wound. United States - First human skin allografts performed using cryopreserved human skin; O'Donaghue and Zarem discover that skin allograft stimulates neovascularization of wound.

1987 1998

United States - The term 'tissue engineering'originates in a National Science Foundation meeting United States - Tissue engineered skin (Apligraf) approved by FDA for treatment of diabetic ulcers and ulcers due to venous insufficiency.

SKIN GRAFTING PROCEDURE

SKINGRAFT PROCEDURE
A skin graft is surgical procedure in which a piece of skin from one area of the patient's body is transplanted to another area of the body (Beauchamp et al, 2001). Skin from another person or animal may be used as temporary cover for large burn areas to decease fluid loss. The skin is taken from a donor site, which has healthy skin and implanted at the damaged recipient site. They are usually performed in a hospital under general anesthesia. The treated area depending on the size of the area and severity of the injury will determine the amount of time needed for healing. This time may be 6 weeks or a few months. Within 36 hours of the surgery new blood vessels will begin to grow from the recipient area into the transplanted skin. Most grafts are successful, but some may require additional surgery if they do not heal properly.

characteristics
Structure Graft endurance Confronting to trauma Cosmetic appearance

Split-Thickness Skin Graft (STSG)


100% Epidermis and part of the dermis High chance of graft survival Less resistance Poor cosmetic appearance. Offers poor color and texture match. This also does not prevent contraction Temporarily or permanently performed after excision of a burn injury, as long as there is sufficient blood supply.

Full Thickness Skin Graft (FTSG)


100% epidermis and dermis. (also a percentage of fat) Lower chance of graft survival More resistance Better-quality cosmetic appearance, thicker, and prevents contraction or deformation When aesthetic outcome is important (e.g., facial defects)

When performed

Donor site tissue

Abdomen, buttock, inner or outer arm, inner forearm and thigh Poor cosmetic appearance, a greater chance of distortion or contraction

Nearby site that offers similar color or texture to the skin surrounding the burned area A higher risk of graft failure. The donor site requires longdrawn-out healing time and has a greater risk of deformation and hypertrophic scar formation

Disadvantages

TYPES OF SKIN GRAFT


1.Autograft 2.Allograft 3.Xenograft 4.Full Thickness Skin Graft (FTSG) 5. Split Thickness or Partial Thickness Skin Graft (STSG) 6. Composite Skin Graft 7.Artificial Skin Graft 8.Pinch Skin Graft 9.Pedicle Skin Graft

Autograft skin graft is obtained from another part of your body that is undamaged and healthy Allograft skin graft is obtained from a donor who is preserved and frozen and made available for use when needed. Allograph is usually used as temporary skin grafts

Xenograft skin graft is obtained from an animal usually a pig are called Xenograft. Xenograft is usually used as temporary skin grafts

Full Thickness Skin Graft (FTSG) This type of Skin Grafts involves both the layers of the skin i.e. epidermis and dermis. Split Thickness or Partial Thickness Skin Graft (STSG) This type of Skin Graft involves using the superficial layer i.e. the epidermis and a small portion of the dermis. Composite Skin Graft This type of Skin Graft is made up of a combination of tissues i.e. skin and either fat or cartilage; or only dermis and fat. Artificial Skin Graft This type of Skin Grafts consists of a synthetic epidermis and a collagen-based dermis whose fibers are arranged in a lattice

Pinch Skin Graft Small (about 1/4 inch) pieces of skin are placed to cover the damaged skin on the donor site. The Pinch Skin Grafts usually grow even in areas of poor blood supply and resist infection.

Pedicle Skin Graft The Skin Graft from the donor site will remain attached to the donor area and the remainder is attached to the recipient site. The blood supply remains intact at the donor location and is not cut loose until the new blood supply has completely developed. Pedicle Skin Grafts are also known as Flap Skin Grafts.

DISADVATAGES OF SKIN GRAFTING


Risks for any anesthesia are: Reactions to medicines Problems with breathing

Risks for the surgery are:

Bleeding (formation of a hematoma or collection of blood in the injured tissues). Chronic pain (rarely) Infection Loss of grafted skin (the graft not healing, or the graft healing slowly) Reduced or lost skin sensation, or increased sensitivity Scar Skin discoloration Uneven skin surface Transmission of an infectious disease from the donor.

Risks for full-thickness skin graft:

Need a long time to heal. Higher risk of graft failure. This means that the grafted skin dies and you may need another graft. Scars may form on both your donor area and grafted area. The grafted skin may not look or feel the way you expected it to.

FACTORS CAUSE PROBLEMS WITH A FULL-THICKNESS SKIN GRAFT


Bleeding under the graft. diabetes, blocked or narrowed blood vessel, liver, kidney, lung, or heart conditions, cancer and poor nutrition. Infection of the grafted area. Rubbing or stretching of the graft site that may cause bleeding and swelling. Smoking cigars, pipes, and cigarettes. Smoking may affect the formation of new blood vessels on the graft site. Weak immune system.

ETHICAL ISSUE
Ethical issue often cited is free and informed consent. i.Competent person
A competent person should be adequately informed: the expected benefits, risks, burdens and costs of the transplant and aftercare, and of other possible alternatives.

ii.

incompetent person
A legally incompetent person who can understand some things that are relevant to their condition, a proposed transplant, and decisions that they are capable of making, should be informed of these in an appropriate way. Guardians should respect the wishes, if known and reasonable, of incompetent persons in their care.

Courts, however, sometimes override the decision of natural guardians including parents when this is judged clearly against the best interests of incompetent persons including a child .

CONCLUSION

THE END THANK YOU

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