COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

The paragraph is made up of groups of related words clauses and phrases.

The word group that is basic to all communication is the clause, which contains at least one subject and one verb. To express ideas,thoughts etc in written form we use a series of clauses, combine or alter them and put them into their most pleasing and effective form.

Presenting them as basic sentences would communicate our ideas monotonously and without proper emphasis to the most important ideas.

Lets study at the following:

Sentences: 8, 10: are retained as basic sentences

Sentences: 3, 9, 15 combine two basic sentences, giving each clause equal force.
Sentences: 1, 5 join more than one verbs to the same subject Sentences: 13 joins more than one subject to the same verb Sentence: 14 has two subjects joined to six verbs.

Now we are going to examine the word groups independent clauses, subordinate clauses ( and phrases) that are the language tools allowing a writer to apply various strategies to produce effective sentences. A sentence is a word group containing a subject and a verb. What is a clause? Are clause and sentence same? What is an independent clause? What is a simple sentence? Are they the same or different?

COMPOUND SENTENCE
One means of combining or altering short statements is by compounding: joining grammatically equal parts so that they function together A compound maybe formed of equal parts within the independent clause of a simple sentence. If the entire independent clauses are joined, or compounded, the result is a new kind of sentence altogether: A Compound Sentence To join or compound the independent clause or simple sentences, we can use coordinating conjunctions or correlative conjunctions

Compounding two clauses may be done by or without the use of coordinating conjunction.
1. a coordinating conjunction is used, the normal punctuation used is a comma before the cc. I had reviewed the material, but I did poorly on the test 2. without the use of cc, normal punctuation: a semi colon (:) with or without something to tie the two clauses together. To tie the independent clauses used we can use a simple adverb (now, later, then), a short phrase (on the other hand, in other words, in fact) or a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, consequently, nevertheless)

The following are examples for no. 2:

2a. No one had warned me; I was completely unaware of the difficulty
2.b.1. For the time being I use a motorcycle; later I plan to buy a car

2.b.2. I cannot comment on the whole concert; in fact, I slept through the last part of it
2.b.3. Your arguments were well presented; however, we feel that the plan is too expensive. Look at the following sentences and analyze why they are incorrect: I have written to John Barlow; from whom I hope to get a letter of recommendation Although union delegates and management have met several times; little progress can be reported.

COMPLEX SENTENCES
As has been discussed before, to avoid boredom in our writing we can compound simple sentences or basic sentences. However, to make the readers interpret the sentences exactly as you want them to do, there is another kind of sentence that we need to address: a complex sentence. Notice the following: Rain began to fall. We stopped our ball game. (SSs)

Rain began to fall, and we stopped our ball game. (Cmpnd)

When rain began to fall, we stopped our ball game.(Cmplx) After rain began to fall, we stopped our ball game.(--)

Because rain began to fall, we stopped our ball game.(--)

Although rain was falling, we continued our ball game.(--)

The process by which a statement is reduced to a secondary form to show its relation to the main idea is subordination. The very important grammatical unit that expresses the secondary idea in relation to a main idea is the subordinate, or dependent clause, which is defined as a subject-verb combination that cannot stand alone as a sentence, but it functions within a sentence as a single part of speech: an adverb (adverb clause), an adjective (adjective clause), or a noun (noun clause). The conjunction the structural signal of subordination - is not an isolated word standing between the two clauses. It is part of the subordinate clause. In a sentence: We waited until the police arrived, the unit the police arrived could stand alone as an independent clause. The clause is made dependent by the inclusion of until, which signals the dependence of the clause on something else in the sentence for its total meaning.

THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun by giving information that points out, identifies, describes, or limits the meaning of the noun or pronoun. The normal position of the adjective clause is immediately following the noun or pronoun it modifies. Nearly all of the adjective clauses you read, write, hear or speak use that, which, who(m), whose, when, where or why to tie the adjective clause to the noun or pronoun it modifies. These are called relatives, which function within the adjective clause as pronouns (used as subjects, direct objects, or objects of prepositions), adjectives, or adverbs. Combine the following pairs of sentences to form complex sentences with adjective clauses:

1. This is a well built truck. 2. Alice has a new boyfriend.

3. Here is the book 4. The firm hired Chet Brown. 5. May I introduce Dick Hart? 6. She is a young artist. a,. I remember a time

1. The truck will save you money 2. The new boyfriend (He) sings in a rock group 3. I borrowed it yesterday. 4. The boss had known Chet Brown in Omaha. 5. I went to college with him. 6. I admire her work.
a. b. c.

b. This is the spot.

c. I know the reason.

You thought otherwise at that time The wreck occurred at this spot. He resigned for this reason.

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses An adjective clause is either restrictive or nonrestrictive. The restrictive adjective clause, the kind that is not set off by commas, is essential to the identification of the word being modified: The grade that I received on my report pleased me. The nonrestrictive adjective clause, which requires commas, supplies additional or incidental information about the word it modifies, but the information is not needed for identifying purpose. I visited an old and close friend , who is retiring soon Other examples: The man whose car had been wrecked asked us for a ride. Mr. Ash, whose car had been wrecked, asked us for a ride.

Compare the following sentences:

All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.
All the books which had pictures in them were sent to the little girl.

Summary of the Usage of the Relative Pronouns

Restrictive for people Subject Object + Preposition Possessive who, that whom, (that) to whom, (that) to whose for things which, that which, (that) To which, (that)to Of which, whose

Summary of the Usage of the Relative Pronouns Nonrestrictive for people Subject Object + Preposition Possessive who, whom, to whom Whose which which to which of which, whose for things

THE NOUN CLAUSE

The Noun Clause is not a detachable appendage to the main clause, but it function within the main clause in one of the noun slots: subject, direct object, renaming subjective complement, object of preposition, or appositive. Look at the following examples: Whoever repeated that story told a lie. (subject) Mr. Allen announced that he would resign. (direct object) Give the package to whoever opens the door. (Object of prep) What he told us is very convincing. (subject) This is what he told us. (subjective complement) There are other special forms called delayed subject, delayed direct object, and appositive It is unfortunate that you were delayed.(ds) I consider it unlikely that he will resign.(do) You cannot deny the fact that you lied under oath.(app)

THE ADVERB CLAUSE

The Adverb Clause has a similar function to the ordinary adverb; it describes the action or state of being by telling something about the action: the time it took place, the reason for or the result of its taking place, and so on. The relationship between an adverb clause and the main clause is shown by the conjunction that introduces the adverb clause, which is part of the subordinated clause itself. The conjunction introducing a clause is not true guide to the kind of clause introduced. The same word may introduce different kinds of clauses. The true guide is the work that the clause is doing.

The chief types of adverb clauses are those of: 1. MANNER, which indicates how an action is done. Henry did the work as it ought to be done He ran as if (though) his life depended on it. The conjunctions used: as, as if, as though (followed by a past subjunctive: You look as if (=as you would look if) you had seen a ghost. 2. PLACE, which indicate where an action was done The house stood where the London road meets the Brighton road I will go wherever you go. The conjunctions used are: where, or wherever 3. TIME, which indicates when an action was done. A number of conjunctions can be used: when, while, after, before, until, since, as, as soon as, etc. When in rains, I usually go to the office by bus. The time and place adverb clause are affected by the tense

4. REASON (or CAUSE), which indicate why an action was done. These clauses are generally introduced by: because, since, as, seeing that, now that, etc. He sold the car because it was too small. Since you wont help me, I must do the job myself. Clauses beginning with as, since, seeing that, usually precede the principle clause; those beginning with because usually come after it: As my secretary is away at present, I have a great many extra letters to answer.(PCl)
I have a great many axtra work to do because my secretary is away at present.(AdCl) 5. PURPOSE, usually introduced by: so that, in order that, for fear that, so that not, etc. May is used for present and might for past when affirmative clauses of purpose are introduced by that

They are climbing higher so that they may get a better view. I sent him the proposals last week so that he might have time to consider them. When the subject of the subordinate clause of purpose is the same person or thing as the subject of the principal clause, purpose is often expressed by the infinitive with to, in order to or so as to. 6. CONCESSION. These clauses are introduced generally by: though, although, even though, occasionally by even if, wherever, whenever, whether or not, no matter whether or not. Though he tried hard, he was not successful He did well in his examination, even if he didnt get the prize. Whether he works or not, I dont think he will pass his examination.

7. COMPARISON, which is introduced by: as (preceded by so, such, as in the principal clause), than (preceded by a comparative in the principal clause) This work is not so (as) easy as you think. That question is easier than I thought. The more you work, the more you earn. The sooner you finish your work, the sooner you will go home. 8. CONDITION (or SUPPOSITION), which indicate on what condition a thing happens, happened or will happen. These clauses are introduced by the conjunctions: if, unless (=if not), whether, as long as, or that (after supposing, provided, on condition) I shall go if he asks me. I shall go provided that he asks me. I shall go, whether he asks me or not.

9. RESULT. A clause of simple result is usually introduced by so that, e.g.

I received my wages yesterday so that I can now pay what I owe you He was speaking very quietly so that it was difficult to hear what he said. This construction differs from the similar construction introducing a clause of Purpose in that it is not followed be may, might or should.