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Biopsychology
Is the study of how biological processes, particularly the nervous system and brain activity and gladular processes, relate to behavior.
D.O. Hebb presented the first comprehensive theory of how perceptions, emotions, thoughts and memories might be produced by brain activity.
Glial Cells
Types of Neurons
Afferent or sensory neurons convey messages from the sense organs to the brain Efferent or motor neurons relay messages from the brain to the glands and muscles.
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon terminals
5. Terminal buttons the small knobs at the end of the branched axon directly involved in transmitting a signal from one neuron to the next.
6. Myelin sheath a fatty protein substance that covers some axons and function to accelerate the transmission o neural signals.
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon terminals
Neurotransmitters
Stored in terminal buttons These are substances that facilitate transmission of information from one neuron to another.
Types of Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine memory and learning
Under supply: Depression
(People are more alert, can easily concentrate when their brains are producing the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine)
Types of Neurotransmitters
eating, sleep and sexuality Under supply: Depression Stable levels: Positive mood
FOOD that can increase serotonin: chocolate, pasta, rice, candy, grains, banana (food that rich in carbohydrates) They increase the amount of tryptophan in the brain. Tryptophan is the amino-acid precursor of serotonin
Types of Neurotransmitters
Endorphin inhibits pain
Spicy food can trigger the brain to release endorphins because it thinks the mouth is o fire and needs chemical relief to the brain.
Soothing music such as classical and instrumental selections. It has been found that thirty minutes of listening to this kind of music has released endorphins that have an effect equal to that of the
Types of Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine movement and memory
Undersupply: Alzheimers disease.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Located within the skull and spine; Compose of brain and spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Located outside the skull and spine; Muscles and glands
Brain
Develops initially as a simple fluidfilled tube. This tune gets larger and changes in shape, developing into separate fluid-filled chambers. Weights 2 % of body weight; consumes approximately 20 % of the oxygen that the individual breath.
Division of Brain
it is composed of reticular formation, which is very important in controlling the level of arousal or alertness.
Reticular formation is a complex network of fibers tha connect the higher brain centers to the lower parts.
Division of Brain
Forebrain the largest and most complicated part of the brain, consists of the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures (limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal ganglia). Limbic system involved in regulating drives and emotions such as hunger, thirst, fear, sexual behavior and aggression.
LIMBIC SYSTEM
Division of Brain
Thalamus receives (motor and motivational) information from the PNS and relays it to the cortex Switching Station for sensory message (seeing, hearing, taste and touch)
Injury to this part can cause deafness, blindness or loss of any other sense except smell.
Division of Brain
Cerebral cortex / cerebrum the highest and largest area of the brain. Corticalization- related to the fact that humans are more intelligent than animals
Dogs brain
Rats brain
Human brain
Cerebral Cortex is compose of 2 hemisphere that are connected by a thick band of fibers called Corpus callosum keep each hemisphere informed about what the other is saying.
Left hemisphere
Control the right side of the body
Right hemisphere
Control the left side of the body
The Occipital Lobe its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation of VISION and visual stimuli.
PLASTICITY: THE CHANGING BRAIN Platicity- Brains ability to change and recognize in response to stimulation.
We have to exercise our brains and stimulate our neurons to improve brain functioning and learning
Verbal: speaking, understanding language, reading, writing Mathematical: adding, subtracting, calculus physics Logical: time sense Analytic: analyzing separate pieces that make up a whole
Non-Verbal: understanding simple sentences and words Perceptual Skills: spatial, geometry, patterns, faces, melodies Intuitive: emotions Holistic: combining parts that make up a whole
NOTE: LEFT SIDE VERBAL: WORDS RIGHT SIDE NON VERBAL: VISUALS
Endocrine glands
The second great communication network of the body. It is made up of a number of ductless glands that secrete chemical substances (known as hormones) directly into the bloodstream.
Hormones can affect the internal activities and behavior.
PITUITARY GLAND
Acromegaly
If hyperactivity takes place in the growth period, the arms, hands feet, facial bones become enlarge.
PINEAL GLAND
Located between the two hemispheres of the brain. Helps regulate body rhythms and sleep cycles. HORMONES: Melatonin response to daily variations in light.
THYROID GLANDS
Found in the neck along with windpipe. Regulates metabolism (rate at which energy is produced and used by the body) HORMONES: Thyroxine
Overactive thyroid very fast metabolism, goiter, tends to be thin, excitable, tend and insomniac
Underactive thyroid slower metabolism thus, can become inactive, dull, slow and overweight.
ADRENAL GLANDS
Located just under the back of the rib cage, atop kidneys. Two areas: Adrenal medulla (inner core) source of emergency hormones epineprhrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
Adrenal cortex (outer core) produces corticoids stress hormone and source of sex hormones called adrenal androgens.
Over secretion of adrenal androgens can cause virilism-the development of very masculine characteristics
PANCREAS
Located near stomach and the small intestine. Regulates the supply and the use by the body cells of blood sugar or glucose. HORMONES: Insulin
Under secretion of insulin can cause diabetes mellitus. No matter how much food diabetic person eats, theres no enough insulin to allow his cells to use the glucose. GLUCOSE OR BLOOD SUGAR IS FOOD FOR THE CELL
GONADS
The gonads or the sex glands. TESTES in men which produces androgens (testosterone). OVARIES in women which produces estrogens (estradiol, progesterone) These hormones activate the reproductive organs and structures at puberty.
THYMUS
Located within the chest cavity, also known as the gland of childhood
Inhibits the gonads during childhood years.
Gonads keeps the childs sexuality from premature development. In such cases, as shown on the figures above theres over secretion of sex hormones during childhood that thymus cant control anymore.