Pengantar Biolistrik dan Sinaps

M. Djauhari Widjajakusumah Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia

Figure 41

Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids.

Figure 42 Transport pathways through the cell membrane, and the basic mechanisms of transport. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology 11th Ed, 2006

Fig. 10.9. Facilitative transport. Although the molecule being transported must bind to the protein transporter, the mechanism is passive diffusion, and the molecule moves from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration. Passive refers to the lack of an energy requirement for the transport.
Marks Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach, 2nd Edition, 2005

Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology 11th Ed, 2006

Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology 11th Ed, 2006

Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology 11th Ed, 2006

Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology 11th Ed, 2006

Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology 11th Ed, 2006

Forces Acting on Ions and Their Equilibrium Potentials

The magnitude of the equilibrium potential for Cl (ECl), K+ (EK) and Na+ (ENa) can be calculated from the Nernst equation, as follows:
= - 70 mv

= - 90 mv

ENa = 61.5log [Na+ o] at 37C [Na+ i]

= + 60 mv

WF Ganong: Review of Medical Physiology 22nd ed, 2005

Figure 56

Typical action potential recorded by the method shown in the upper panel of the figure.

Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology 11th Ed, 2006

Changes in Na+ and K+ conductance during the action potential in giant squid axon. The dashed line represents the action potential superimposed on the same time coordinate. Note that the initial electrotonic depolarization initiates the change in Na+ conductance, which in turn adds to the depolarization. (Modified from Hodgkin AL: Ionic movements and electrical activity in giant nerve fibers. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 1958;143:1.)

Overshoot

Kandel: Principle of Neural Science 4th ed, 2000

Figure 2-10 A sensory neuron transforms a physical stimulus (a stretch) into electrical activity in the cell. Each of the neuron's four signaling components produces a characteristic signal.

Figure 213.

Compound action potential. The drawing shows the record obtained with recording electrodes at various distances from the stimulating electrodes along a mixed nerve.

Receptors
The term receptor refers to sensory receptors proteins that bind neurotransmitters, hormones, and other substances with great affinity and specificity as a first step in initiating specific physiologic responses The sensory receptor Part of a neuron A specialized cell (nonneural cells sense organ) Generates action potentials in neurons. The forms of energy converted by the receptors include mechanical (touch-pressure), thermal (degrees of warmth), electromagnetic (light), and chemical energy (odor, taste, and O2 content of blood). Adapted to respond to one particular form of energy at a much lower threshold than other receptors respond to this form of energy adequate stimulus. (e.g. light for the rods and cones in the eye) Receptors respond to forms of energy other than their adequate stimuli (nonspecific responses), but the threshold for these is much higher.

connective tissue capsule removed

action potential

responses persisted, loss of adaptation

graded potentials

blocked

no action potential

degenerat es

cut

responses dissapeared

Ganong: Review of Med Physiol 22nd ed , 2005

Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information

Types of Sensory Receptors and the Sensory Stimuli They Detect

Five basic types of sensory receptors:

(1) mechanoreceptors, which detect mechanical compression or stretching of the receptor or of tissues adjacent to the receptor (2) thermoreceptors, which detect changes in temperature, some receptors detecting cold and others warmth (3) nociceptors (pain receptors), which detect damage occurring in the tissues, whether physical damage or chemical damage (4) electromagnetic receptors, which detect light on the retina of the eye (5) chemoreceptors, which detect taste in the mouth, smell in the nose, oxygen level in the arterial blood, osmolality of the body carbon dioxide concentration, and perhaps other factors that up the chemistry of the body.

fluids, make

Classification of Sensory Receptors

I. Mechanoreceptors Skin tactile sensibilities (epidermis and dermis)

Free nerve endings

Expanded tip endings Merkels discs Plus several other variants

Spray endings
Ruffinis endings Encapsulated endings Meissners corpuscles Krauses corpuscles Hair end-organs

Classification of Sensory Receptors

I. Mechanoreceptors Deep tissue sensibilities

Free nerve endings

Expanded tip endings Spray endings Ruffinis endings Encapsulated endings Pacinian corpuscles Plus a few other variants Muscle endings Muscle spindles Golgi tendon receptors

Classification of Sensory Receptors

I. Mechanoreceptors Hearing Sound receptors of cochlea Equilibrium Vestibular receptors Arterial pressure Baroreceptors of carotid sinuses and aorta

Classification of Sensory Receptors

II. Thermoreceptors Cold

Cold receptors
Warmth Warm receptors

III.

Nociceptors
Pain Free nerve endings

IV. Electromagnetic receptors Vision Rods Cones

Generator Potentials
Generator potential or receptor potential is a non-propagated depolarizing potential when stimulus is applied to a receptor the receptor converts energy into an electrical response As the stimulus is increased, the magnitude of the receptor potential increases the magnitude is proportionate to the intensity of the stimulus. The generator potential depolarizes the sensory nerve at the first node of Ranvier, once the firing level is reached, an action potential is produced the node of Ranvier converts the graded response of the receptor into action potentials As the pressure is further increased, the generator potential becomes even larger and the sensory nerve fires repetitively, the frequency of which is proportionate to the magnitude of the applied stimuli. It continues to fire as long as the generator potential is large enough to bring the membrane potential of the node to the firing level.
Ganong: Review of Med Physiol 22nd ed , 2005

Kandel: Principle of Neural Science 4th ed, 2000

Adaptation

When a maintained stimulus of constant strength is applied to a receptor, the frequency of the action potentials in its sensory nerve declines over time adaptation or desensitization The degree to which adaptation occurs varies from one sense to another

rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors (light and touch)

slowly adapting (tonic) receptors.

slow adaptation of muscle spindle input is needed to maintain posture. input from nociceptors provides a warning that would lose its value if it adapted and disappeared.

Ganong: Review of Med Physiol 22nd ed , 2005

Adaptation. The height of the curve in each case indicates the frequency of the discharge in afferent nerve fibers at various times after beginning sustained stimulation. (Reproduced, with permission, from Adrian ED: Basis of Sensation. Christophers, 1928.)

Ganong: Review of Med Physiol 22nd ed , 2005

Receptors That Bind Chemical Messengers

Receptors That Bind Chemical Messengers

Vander et al.: Human Physiology: The Mechanism of Body Function, 8th Ed 2001

Guyton 11th ed 2006

Vander et al.: Human Physiology: The Mechanism of Body Function, 8th Ed 2001

Basic Functions of Synapses

Figure 451 Structure of a large neuron in the brain, showing its important functional parts. (Redrawn from Guyton AC: Basic Neuroscience: Anatomy and Physiology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1987.)

Vander et al.: Human Physiology: The Mechanism of Body Function, 8th Ed 2001

Figure 4510 Excitatory postsynaptic potentials, showing that simultaneous firing of only a few synapses will not cause sufficient summated potential to elicit an action potential, but that simultaneous firing of many synapses will raise the summated potential to threshold for excitation and cause a superimposed action potential.

Terima Kasih