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describe the cardiac cycle, with reference to the action of the valves in the heart; explain how heart action is coordinated with reference to the sinoatrial node (SAN), the atrioventricular node (AVN) and the Purkyne tissue;
Exam tip
When referring to the bicuspid (on the left) and tricuspid (on the right) valves, use the word atrioventricular valves- that way, you dont have to remember which is which!
Sequence of Contraction
The sequence of events involved in one heartbeat is called the cardiac cycle It is important that the chambers of the heart contract in a co-ordinated fashion, if not, this leads to inefficient pumping
Task
Using this diagram, outline the main stages of diastole, atrial systole and ventricular systole during the cardiac cycle
Phase 1: Diastole
Both the atria and ventricles are relaxing the internal volume increases and blood flows into the heart from the major veins The blood flows first into the atria, then through the atrioventricular valves into the ventricles
Valves
The valves ensure blood flows in the correct direction They are opened and closed by changes in the blood pressure in the various changes in the heart
Task: You will be given a series of statements about the blood pressure and valves, arrange them in a sequence and stick them in your book
Atrioventricular Valves
When the ventricular walls relax and recoil after contracting, the pressure in the ventricles drops below the pressure of the atria- this causes the atrioventricular valves to open
Blood entering the heart flows straight through the atria and into the ventricles The pressure in the atria and the ventricles slowly rises as they fill with blood
Semilunar Valves
When the ventricles start to contract, the pressure in the major arteries is higher than the pressure in the ventricles- this means the semilunar valves are closed
As the ventricles contract, the pressure rises very quickly because the blood cannot escape
Once the pressure in the ventricles rises above the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary arteries, the semilunar valves are pushed open
The blood is under very high pressure, so it is forced out of the ventricles in a powerful spurt
Once the ventricle walls have finished contracting, the heart muscles start to relax Elastic tissue in the walls of the ventricles recoils to stretch the muscle out again and return the ventricle to its original size This causes the pressure in the ventricle to drop quickly As it drops below the pressure in the major arteries, the semilunar valves are pushed closed by blood starting to flow back towards the ventricles and collecting in the pockets of the valves This prevents blood returning to the ventricles
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