1

By:
DR SITI NOORAYA MOHD TAWIL
Department of Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY
(BDU10803)


2
Topic 3:
Direct Current Circuit
Analysis (III)


3
Lecture Contents
Thevenins and Nortons Theorems
Superposition Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Circuit Theorems
4
Superposition
Theorem
5
Superposition Theorem
The superposition theorem states that
the voltage across (or current through) an
element in a circuit is the algebraic sum of
the voltages across (or currents through)
that elements due to each independent
source acting alone.
6
How to apply the superposition
theorem?
1. Consider one independent source at a
time while other independent sources are
turned-off. [short-circuit the voltage
source and open-circuit the current
source]
2. Dependent source are left intact because
they are controlled by circuit variables.
7
Example 1
Use the superposition theorem to find V in the
following circuit.
8
6V

4 V
2A
+

8
Solution
Step 1:
0.5A
4 8
6
' I
circuited) - open source (2A operation in source 6V Only
4
=
+
= =
T
R
V
6V
8
4 V
2A
+

6V
8
4 V
+

I
4
I
4

9
Solution
Step 2:
V 7.32 1.83(4) R I V
4 4
= = =
= + = + =
=
+
=
A 83 . 1 33 . 1 5 . 0 " '
4 4 4
4
I I I , current Total
1.33A (2)
4 8
8
" I
circuited) - short source V 6 ( operation in source 2A Only
6V
8
4 V
2A
+

8
4 V
+

b
I
4

I
4
10
Given the following circuit, calculate i
x
and the power
dissipated by the 10-O resistor using superposition.
Example 2
11
Solution

12
Cont
0.6A
10
6
10
Va
I
6
25
150
a
10Va 15Va 150
3Va 12Va 10Va 150 : x120
40
0 Va
10
0 Va
12
Va - 15
40
0 Va
I
12
Va - 15
: a) (nod KCL
(4A) source current circuit - Open
(a) Figure Consider
x1
x1
= = =
= =
+ =
+ =

+ =
V
a
13
Cont
17.43Watt ( 10) 1.32) ( R I P
1.32A 1.92) ( 0.6 I I I
1.92A
10
19.2
10
Va
I
19.2V
25
480 -
Va
0 480 25Va : ( 2) ( 1)
( 2) - - - - - 120I 480 3Va : x120
4
40
0 - Va
I
Vb Va
4
40
0 - Vb
I
4 I I
: b nod
2
x
2
x x
x2 x1 x
x2
2
2
2
3 2
= = =
= + = + =
= = =
= =
= + +
= +
+ =
=
+ =
+ =

( 1) 120I 22Va
120I 10Va 12Va : x120
I
10
Va
12
Va
10
0 Va
I
12
Va - 0
I I I
: a) ( nod KCL
( 15V) source voltage circuit - Short
( b) Figure Consider
2
2
2
2
x2 2 1
=
= +
= +

+ =
+ =
a b
I1
I2
I3
14
Caution!
Superposition Theorem is much easier to
use in a circuit that has independent source.

If the circuit has dependent source, it is
recommended not to use this theorem.
15
Equivalent circuit forms
R1 + R2
R1
R2
R2 R1
V2
V1 - V2
V1
I1
I2 I1 - I2
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
+
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
16
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
A source transformation is the process of
replacing a voltage V in series with resistor
R by a current source I in parallel with a
resistor R, or vice versa.
# Source transformation is another tool for simplifying
circuits
17
Cont..
V

R

I

R

a
b
V

R

I

R

a
b
Transformation of dependent sources
Transformation of independent sources
18
Thevenins
Theorem
19
Thevenins Theorem
Thevenins Theorem states that a linear
two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of:
A voltage source V
TH
in SERIES with
A resistor R
TH


Complex
circuit
V
TH
R
TH
20
Thevenins Theorem
Where V
TH
is the open-circuit voltage at the
terminals and,
R
TH
is the input or equivalent resistance at the
terminals when the independent sources are
turned off.

V
TH
R
TH
21
Example 3
For the following circuit, find the Thevenins
equivalent circuit seen from RB.
2
4
20V
3
5A
R
B
6
22
Solution 3
1. Remove R
B
.



2. Find R
TH
from terminal a-b with turned-off
all independent sources
2
4
20V
3
5A
6
a
b
2
4
3
6
a
b
O =
+ + =
9.71
(4//3) 6 2 R
TH
R
TH
23
Cont
3. Find V
TH
from terminal a-b.




( 2) 30 Vy Vx
0 5
6
Vy Vx
0 5 I
y node
-( 1) - - - 60 2Vy - 9Vx
2Vy 2Vx 4Vx 3Vx 60 : x12
6
Vy Vx
3
Vx
4
Vx 20
x node
leaving I entering I nodes, for KCL
analysis, node using Example
3
=
= +

= +
=
+ =

+ =

+ =
=
3 2 1
I I I
2
4
20V
3
5A
6
a
b
V
TH
+
-
x
y
I1
I2
I3
24
47.14V 0 Vy V
47.14V
7
330

Vy
330 270) ( 60
2
1
60
30

7 9 2
2 - 9
1 - 1

60
30
Vy
Vx
2 - 9
1 - 1
: rule s Cramer' Using
TH
y
y
= =
= = =
= =

=
= + = =
(

=
(

25
4. Draw the Thevenins
equivalent circuit.

B Total
TH
R 71 . 9
14 . 47
R
V
I
+
= =
V
TH
=47.14V
R
TH
=9.71
a
b
R
B
A
A
58 . 0
81.71
47.14
I , 2 7 R when ii)
17 . 2
21.71
47.14
I , 12 R when i)
B
B
= = O =
= = O =
I
26
Example 4
Determine R
Th
and V
Th
at terminals 1-2 for
the following circuits.
27
Solution
28
Nortons
Theorem
29
Nortons Theorem
Nortons Theorem states that a linear two-
terminal circuit can be replaced by
equivalent circuit consisting of:
A current source I
N
in PARALLEL with
A resistor R
N

Complex
circuit
I
N
R
N
a
b
30
Nortons Theorem
Where I
N
is the short-circuit current through the terminals
and,

R
N
is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals
when the independent sources are turned-off.
I
N
R
N
a
b
31
Example 5
Find the Nortons equivalent circuit for the
following circuit seen from RB.
2
4
20V
3
5A
R
B
6
32
Solution 5
1. Remove the load.



2. Find R
N
with turned-off all the independent
sources.
2
4
20V
3
5A
6
a
b
2
4
3
6
a
b
R
N
O =
+ + =
9.71
(4//3) 6 2 R
N
33
3. Find I
N
at a-b.
(1) 60 2Vy 9Vx
2Vy 2Vx 4Vx 3Vx 60 : x12
3
Vx
6
Vy Vx
4
Vx 20
I I I
: x node
leaving I entering I nodes, for KCL
analysis, node using Example
3
2 1
=
+ =
+

+ =
=
2
4
20V
3
5A
6
a
b
I
N
x
y
(2) 30 4Vy Vx
3Vy 3 Vy Vx : x6
2
Vy
5
6
Vy Vx
I 5 I
: y node
N 3
=
= +
= +

= +
I2
I1 I3
34
4.85A
2
9.71
2
0 Vy
I
9.71V
34
330 -

Vy
-330 60 270
30 - 1
60 9

34 2) ( 36
4 - 1
2 9

30 -
60
Vy
Vx
4 - 1
2 9
rule; s Cramer' Using
N
y
y
= =

=
=

= =
= = =
= =

=
(

=
(

35
4. Draw the equivalent
circuit.

I
N
=4.85A
R
N
=9.71
R
B
a
b
B
B
N
Total
N
R 71 . 9
09 . 47
) 85 . 4 (
R 71 . 9
71 . 9
) I (
R
R
I
+
=
+
=
=
A
A
58 . 0
81.71
47.09
I , 2 7 R when ii)
17 . 2
21.71
47.09
I , 12 R when i)
B
B
= = O =
= = O =
36
Example 6
Find the Norton equivalent with respect to
terminals a-b in the following circuits.
37
Solution
38
Cont
39
Cont
40
Example 7
Find the Norton equivalent in the following
circuit.
41
Solution
42
Cont
Current divider rules
43
RELATION BETWEEN THEVENIN
THEOREM AND NORTON THEOREM
V
TH
R
TH
I
N
R
N
a
b
TH
TH
N
N N TH
N TH
R
V
I
R I V
R R
=
=
=
44
I
N
=4.85A
R
N
=9.71
R
B
a
b
V
TH
=47.14V
R
TH
=9.71
a
b
R
B
I
Thevenins equivalent circuit
Nortons equivalent circuit
A 85 . 4
71 . 9
14 . 47
R
V
I
47.14V 1) (4.85)(9.7 R I V
9.71 R R
TH
TH
N
N N TH
N TH
= = =
= = =
O = =
45
Maximum Power
Transfer
46
Maximum Power Transfer
Practical a circuit is designed to provide
power to a load.
Application communication desirable
to maximize the power delivered to the
load.
Thevenin equivalent useful in finding the
maximum power a linear circuit can deliver
to a load.
47
Cont
Consider the following circuit for maximum
power transfer.
Th
R
Th
V
a
b
i
L
R
L
2
L Th
Th
2
R
R R
V
R i p
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
48
Cont
Maximum power is transferred to the load
when the load resistance equals the
Thevenin resistance as seen from the load
(R
L
=R
Th
).
49
Cont
For the given circuit, V
Th
and R
Th
are fixed.
Varying the R
L
, the power delivered to the
load as the graph below.


P
max

R
Th

R
L

P
50
To prove the maximum power transfer differentiate p with
respect to R
L
and set the results =0

(watt)
4R
V
4R
V
P
, R R With
. R R when place s power take maximum the that, Showing
] R [R ), R (R ) 2R R (R 0
that implies This
0
) R (R
) 2R R (R
V
) R (R
) R (R 2R ) R (R
V
dR
dP
0
dR
dP
when, maximum is power The
L
2
Th
L
2
Th
max
Th L
Th L
L Th L Th L L Th
3
L Th
L L Th
2
Th
2
L Th
L Th L
2
L Th
2
Th
L
L
= =
=
=
= = + =
=
(

+
+
=
(

+
+ +
=
=
51
FORMULA!!
TH
2
TH
L
2
TH
L
2
L TH
TH
L MAX
TH L
4R
V
4R
V
R
R R
V
I2R P
R R
= =
(

+
= =
=
52
Example 8
Find the value of R
L
for maximum power
transfer in the following circuit and find the
maximum power.
V
TH
=47.14V
R
TH
=9.71
a
b
R
L
I
Thevenins equivalent circuit
53
Solution
Thevenins equivalent circuit
57.17
4(9.71)
(47.14)

4R
V
P
9.71 R R
2
TH
2
TH
MAX
TH L
=
=
=
O = =
V
TH
=47.14V
R
TH
=9.71
a
b
R
L
I