KESEHATAN DAN KESELAMATAN KERJA

KESEHATAN
Adalah keadaan sejahtera dari badan, jiwa, dan sosial

yang memungkinkan setiap orang hidup produktif secara sosial dan ekonomis. (U.U. R.I No.23 thn 1992 tentang kesehatan) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO constitution 1948)

KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Public health is the science and art of (1) preventing disease, (2) prolonging life, and (3) promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort for: The sanitation of the environment The control of communicable infection The education of individual in personal hygiene The organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease and The development of social machinery to ensure everyone a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health, So organizing these benefits as to enable every citizen to enjoy his birthright of health and longevity ( C.E.A. WINSLOW- 1920)

Occupational Health
Occupational

health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all occupations, the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions, the protection of workers in their employment from risk resulting from factors adverse to health, the placing and maintenance of the workers in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological capabilities, and to summarize the adaptation of work to man and each man to his job (Joint Commission W.H.O- I.L.O - 1950)

The main focus in occupational health is on three different objectives: a. The maintenance and promotion of workers health and working capacity b. The improvement of working environment and work to become conducive to safety and health, and c. Development of work organization and working cultures in direction, which support health and safety at work, and in doing so also promotes a positive social climate and smooth operation and may enhance productivity of undertakings. The concept of working culture is intended in this context to mean a reflection of the essential value systems adopted by the undertaking concerned. Such a culture is reflected in practice in the management system, personnel policy, and principles for participation, training policies, and quality management of the undertaking.

I.K.M. vs. K3
KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Sasaran : umum Tujuan: kesejahteraan masy. Pembiayaan: pemerintah Perkembangan: sth. Microbio Pemeriksaan berkala: sulit Aturan: bidang kesehatan Wilayah kerja: lingkungan Prinsip kerja: prevention Multidisiplin Strategy: pengorganisasian KESEHATAN & KESELAMATAN KERJA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Sasaran: tenaga kerja Tujuan: produktivitas Pembiayaan: mandiri Perkembangan: sth.rev.ind Pemeriks. Awal, berkala : + Aturan: ketenagakerjaan Wilayah Kerja: lingk.kerja Prinsip kerja: prevention Multi disiplin Strategy: pengorganisasian

INTERNATIONAL LOSS CONTROL INSTITUTE CAUSATION MODEL

Lack of Control
Inadequate Program Program Standards

Basic Causes Personal Factors

Immediate Cause

Incident

Loss

SubStandards Acts

Compliance To Standards

Job Factors

SubStandards conditions

Contact With Energy, Substance Or People

People Property Product Environment Service

Level of Prevention
Primary Prevention:

- Health Promotion - Specific Protection Secondary Prevention: - Early Diagnosis & Prompt Treatment - Disability Limitation Tertiary Prevention: - Rehabilitation

Home work
Buat program prevention pada tiap level untuk kasus

penyakit akibat kerja Pneumoconiosis pada pekerja tambang batubara

PENGERTIAN
Occupational disease is a disease arising out of, or in

the course of, employment resulting from the exposure to , the absorption of, or intoxication from harmful chemical, microbiologic, or physical agents which the general public normally would not be exposed. (W.H.O.)

Occupational disease & work related disease

Spectrum of diseases

Other Work General Disease Related Disease

Occupational Disease

PENYEBAB P.A.K
1. FAKTOR FISIK :
KEBISINGAN, SUHU DAN KELEMBABAN, KECEPATAN ALIRAN UDARA / ANGIN, GETARAN / VIBRASI MEKANIS, RADIASI GELOMBANG ELEKTROMAGNETIK DAN TEKANAN UDARA / ATMOSFIR

2. FAKTOR KIMIA :
GAS UAP DEBU KABUT / MIST. FUME ASAP. LARUTAN DAN ZAT PADAT

PENYEBAB P.A.K
3. FAKTOR BIOLOGIS :
BAKTERI, VIRUS, TUMBUH-TUMBUHAN DAN HEWAN

4. FAKTOR FISIOLOGIS:
SIKAP DAN CARA KERJA, JAM KERJA DAN ISTIRAHAT

5. FAKTOR MENTAL PSIKOLOGIS :

SUASANA KERJA HUBUNGAN KERJA ANTARA KARYAWAN DAN PENGUSAHA PEMILIHAN KERJA DAN LAIN-LAIN

Diagnosis
Anamnesis /history : description of all jobs held, work exposures, timing of symptoms, epidemiology of symptoms or illness among other workers, non work exposures and other factors
Examination: physical (inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation) laboratory (x-rays, blood, urine & others)

Environmental analysis

Industrial hygiene
Identification
Evaluation Control of hazards

Identification
Mengetahui faktor hazards apa yang ada di tempat

kerja Modal utama: memahami proses/alur produksi, mengetahui bahan baku produksi, memanfaatkan Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Evaluation

1. 2.

Mengukur kadar hazards di tempat kerja baik dalam bentuk debu, gas, uap, solvent dll dengan alat ukur yang sudah dikalibrasi Ada 2 tehnik pengukuran: Direct reading measurement Sample collectors , personal sampling, perlu memahami sampling strategy Ambang batas bahan/hazards harus diketahui untuk menentukan sudah terlampaui atau belum

Controls
1.
2. 3. 4.

Substitution Engineering control Administrative control Personal protective equipment

Substitution
Mengganti bahan, proses yang berbahaya dengan

bahan, proses yang kurang atau tidak berbahaya

Safety engineering
Tiga tujuan utama dari SAFETY ENGINEERING :

Identify hazards Eliminate hazards Mitigate hazards

Why not eliminate all hazards?

Administrative control
Job rotation
Shifting (pagi, siang, malam) Pembatasan jam kerja

Personal Protective Equipment

Membatasi kontak antara orang dengan bahan /

hazards Bisa meliputi seluruh anggota tubuh mulai dari kepala, sampai kaki.

Osh Principal
1.
2.

An unsafe act, an unsafe condition, and an accident are all symptoms of something wrong in the management system. We can predict that certain sets of circumstances will produce severe injuries. These circumstances can be identified and controlled.

Osh principal
3. Safety should be managed like any other company function. Management should direct the safety effort by setting achievable goals and by planning, organizing, and controlling in achieve them. 4. The key in effective line safety performance is management procedures that fix accountability.

Osh principal
5.The function of safety is to locate and define the operational errors that allow accidents to occur. This function can be carried out in two ways: a) by asking why accidents happen ---searching for their root causes and b) by asking whether certain known effective controls are being utilized.