DR.MADHAVI M.D ASST.

PROFESSOR DEPT OF PHARMACOLOGY

Drugs are injected into large muscles such as deltoid, gluteus maximus lateral aspect of the thigh in children. A volume of 5-10 ml can be given at a time.
ADVANTAGES: Absorption is more rapid as compared to oral route. Mild irritants, depot injections, soluble substances and suspensions can be given by this route.

Aseptic conditions are needed. Intramuscular (i.m.) injections are painful and may cause abscess. Selfadministration is not possible. Injury to the nerves.

Intradermal route The drug is injected into the layers of the skin, e.g. BCG vaccination, drug sensitivity tests, etc.

SUBCUTANEOUS The drug is injected into the subcutaneous (s.c.) tissue, e.g. adrenaline, insulin, etc. ADVANTAGES: Self-administration is possible, e.g. Insulin.

Depot preparations can be inserted into the subcutaneous tissue, e.g. Norplant for contraception.

The drug is administered in the form of patches that deliver the drug into the circulation for systemic effect . Eg: Scopolamine - motion sickness Nitroglycerine - angina Oestrogen - hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Fentanyl analgesia Nicotine smoking cessation

Patch size 5-20 cm2 Site of application : chest, abdomen, upper arm, lower back, buttock, mastoid region

ADVANTAGES : Self-administration is possible. Patient compliance is better. Duration of action is prolonged. Systemic side effects are reduced. Provides a constant plasma concentration of the drug. DISADVANTAGES : Expensive. Local irritation may cause dermatitis and itching. Patch may fall off unnoticed. Route is unsuitable when drug dose is large Large molecular size drug makes absorption difficult Route is unsuitable for highly hydrophilic drugs

Volatile liquids and gases e.g. general anesthetics , Bronchodilators & steroids local effect ADVANTAGES :Quick onset of action. Dose required is very less, so systemic toxicity is minimized. Amount of drug administered can be regulated. DISADVANTAGES : Local irritation -- increased respiratory secretions and bronchospasm.

Simplest mode of administration of a drug at the site where the desired action is required. Systemic side effects are minimal.

1. TOPICAL Drug is applied to the skin or mucous membrane at various sites for localized action

A.ORAL CAVITY : As suspension, e.g. nystatin; as a troche, e.g. clotrimazole (for oral candidiasis), etc. B. GI TRACT: As tablet which is not absorbed, e.g. neomycin (for sterilization of gut before surgery) C. RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL: As enema D. EYE, EAR AND NOSE: As drops, ointments, sprays, etc.

E. BRONCHI: As inhalation, e.g. salbutamol, ipratropium bromide, etc.

F. VAGINA: As tablet, cream, pessary, etc. G. URETHRA: As jelly, e.g. lignocaine

Injecting a drug into the artery Used for a) cancer chemo therapy b) Diagnosticangiograms

intravenous 30-60 seconds intraosseous 30-60 seconds inhalation 2-3 minutes sublingual 3-5 minutes rectal 5-30 minutes intramuscular 10-20 minutes subcutaneous 15-30 minutes ingestion 30-90 minutes transdermal (topical) variable (minutes to hours)

Liposomes are colloidal, vesicular structures composed of one or more lipid bilayers Size range is 25-5000nm

Cancer Therapy Cystic fibrosis Treatment of Leishmaniasis Fungal Infection Immunological Adjuvant Immunoliposome

Defined as particle sized below 1m,formed by monolayer of phospholipids Uses : Rolipram as nanoparticles used in Crohns disease Nanosuspensions & nanocrystals Polymeric nanoparticles Colloidal gold in treatment of cancers

Free flowing powders consists of spherical particles of size less than 125

Each particle is a matrix of drug in polymer

Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single hybrid cell or clone of cells . Single species of antibody that recognise & react with a specific antigen only. Based on origin : Murine Chimeric (partly human partly mouse) Humanised

Eg. Trastuzumab breast cancer Rituximab lymphoma Infliximab rheumatoid arthritis

THANK YOU