For Third year students Academic year 2013/2014

BY Dr.
September 19,2013

COLOR
Is a phenomenon of light or visual perception that enables one to differentiate between otherwise identical objects
It is measured in three dimensions

Hue, Chroma, and Value

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Without light you cannot see

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Without light, color does not exist

Light
It is that part of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation to which human eyes are sensitive.

It is a form of energy
Measured in
(nm)

nanometers

The eye is only sensitive to the visible portion of the spectrum (380 750nm)
Different wavelengths constitute the different colors we perceive

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Pure White Light

Relatively equal quantities of electromagnetic energy over the VLS + + + + + + = When passed through a prism we see component colors of white light

Shorter wavelengths bend more than longer wavelengths

380nm 750nm

Electromagnetic energy spectrum

A nanometer (nm) is 10 -9 meter

DESCRIPTION OF LIGHT
light is described as visible electromagnetic energy whose wavelength is measured in nanometers (nm) or billionths of a meter.

The eye is sensitive only to the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, a narrow band with wavelengths of 380 to 750 nm.

Characteristics of color

Is quality of color which distinguishes one color family from another e.g red, green, blue, etc.
It is determined by the wavelength of the light

The shorter WL the closer to the violet The longer WL the closer to the red

Hue
Variety of color (red, green, yellow, etc.) Determined by wavelength of observed light within the VLS Reflected wavelength determines hue

Hue

The attribute of a color by which we distinguish red from green, blue from yellow, etc

 The Munsell Hues include 5 principle hues (Y, R, P, B, G) Which further subdivided into (Y, YR, R, RP, P, PB, B, BG, G, GY) Each for example R is divided into (R1, R2, R3,..R10)

Most natural teeth fall into a range between yellow and yellow-red.

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Characteristics of color

The intensity, purity or saturation of a distinctive hue

Low Chroma

High Chroma
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Purity of a color refers to its freedom from white, black, or gray.

Munsell Chroma
It has an open-end scale from 0 (achromatic color) to maximum depending on the hues Natural teeth are found with Chroma ranges from 0.5 to 4.
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Characteristics of color

The quality by which a light color is distinguished from a dark color or

It is the dimension of color that denotes relative blackness or whiteness
how much light appears to be reflected from a surface mghazy@mans.edu.eg

High value = brighter (more white) Lower value = darker

Value of 10 = white Value of 0 = black

Low Value

High Value

 Munsell Value
The brightness of any object is a direct consequence of the amount of light energy the object reflects or transmits.

It runs from 0 (black) to 10 (white). Natural teeth range in Value from 5.5 to 8.5

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Value
Value is the lightness or darkness of a hue achieved by adding white, gray, or black.
White added to a hue creates a tint. Gray added to a hue creates a tone. Black added to a hue creates a shade.

THE color of an object is influenced by three factors.

The physical properties of the object. Absorption, reflection, transmission, or refraction

The nature of the light to which the object is exposed

Natural, incandescent, and fluorescent

Color deficiency : Blindness,Achromatism, Dichromatism, Anomalous Trichromatism

The subjective assessment of the observer

Quality of Light / 3 Types

1. Incandescent Light
Higher concentration of yellow light waves

1. Fluorescent Light
higher concentrations of blue waves

1. Natural Daylight
Closest to emitting the full spectrum white light

Most dental offices are outfitted with incandescent and fluorescent lights

1. Incandescent Light
Emits high concentration of yellow waves Not suitable for shade matching Low Color Rendering Index (CRI)

2. Fluorescent Light
Emits high concentration of blue waves Not suitable for shade matching CRI =(50-80)

3. Natural Daylight
Northern daylight considered the best Closest to emitting the full spectrum of white light Used as the standard by which to judge other light sources CRI close to 100

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Metamerism
Is when two (2) objects match in color under one (1) light source and not under another.
The best solution is to use several light sources and make shade comparisons more than one. Metamerism should be explained to patients as an occurrence and not a fault or an error mghazy@mans.edu.eg

Metamerism
Two colors that appear to be a match under a given lighting condition but have different spectral reflectance = metamers, the phenomenon is metamerism. Single Light Source
Light Source #1 Light Source #2 Light Source #3

Metamerism

Color Blindness
Abnormal color vision or the inability to discriminate certain colors, most commonly along the red-green axis Defect in color vision male (8 %) > female (0.5%)
Types:-

achromatism .complete lake of hue sensitivity dichromatism.sensitive only to tow hues trichromatism sensitive to three with
abnormality of one of the three

Dentists should have their color vision evaluated. If any deficiency is detected, a dentist should seek assistance when selecting tooth shades. mghazy@mans.edu.eg

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COLOUR DEFICIENCY

Red deficient will see 2 black Blue-deficient will no see L Red-Green-deficient cannot see the number on the right side

 Although limitations in materials and techniques may make a perfect color match impossible, a harmonious color match impossible, a harmonious restoration can almost be achieved. Shade selection should be approached in a methodical and organized manner.

This will enable the practitioner to make the best choice and communicate it accurately to the laboratory.
Newly developed shade systems and instruments may help the practitioner achieve a reliable restoration match.

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 Prior shade matching, the dentist must have an understanding to that the human tooth and dental porcelain transmit light waves differently
It is their physical composition that determines the differences in light-wave transmission, absorption, reflection, refraction, scattering and surface gloss. The manner in which light strikes an object determines the total appearance of the material.

Transparent materials allow for the passage of light with little change.

Translucent materials scatter, transmit and absorb light.

Opaque materials reflect and absorb; however they do not transmit.

Surface characteristics, such as gloss, curvature and texture, will affect the degree of light diffusion when striking the particular object.

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Vita Classic Shade Guide

Manufacturer recommended sequence for shade matching 1. Hue Selection

2. Chroma Selection
3. Value Selection 4. Final Check / Revision

Hue selection
The recommended technique is to select the nearest hue first and then select the chroma and value Tabs of similar hue are clustered into letter groups A, B, C, and d Shades Chroma is designated with numerical values A3 = hue of red-brown, chroma of 3
Reddish brown Reddish yellow

Grayish

Reddish gray

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Arrange the Vita shade guide in the following order:

B1*A1*B2*D2*A2*C1*C2*D4*A3*D3*B3*A3.5*B4*C3*A4*C4.
Now, note how this arrangement goes from the brightest (B1) to the darkest (C4), or from the highest to the lowest value as you move from left to right. It's a good idea to keep an extra shade guide in this arrangement, and to mark it as your "value" reference shade guide.

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Shade selection sequence

1- Use porcelain shades matches that of the technician 2- Always match before preparation 3- Patient should remove all distraction before matching 4- Clean and brush the teeth before matching
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Shade selection sequence

1- Use porcelain shades matches that of the technician 2- Always match before preparation 3- Patient should remove all distraction before matching 4- Clean and brush the teeth before matching

5- Patient position at the operator eye level 6- Dentist position between patient and light source

7- Observation made quickly to avoid fatiguing of the cones in the retina 8- Scan the entire shade

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Shade selection sequence

1- Use porcelain shades matches that of the technician 2- Always match before preparation 3- Patient should remove all distraction before matching 4- Clean and brush the teeth before matching 5- Patient position at the operator eye level 6- Dentist position between patient and light source 7- Observation made quickly to avoid fatiguing of the cones in the retina 8- Scan the entire shade guide quickly and eliminate the worst match

9- To make a choice between two closely matching taps, hold them on either sides of the tooth being matched 10- If no tabs permit a good match, concentrate on the gingival portion then the incisal 11- Draw the pattern of translucency and
characteristic features

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mghazy@mans.edu.eg

VITA 3DMASTER With &

Without neck Colors

VITAPAN 3D-MASTER SHADE GUIDE

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mghazy@mans.edu.eg

5 value levels (1-5) arranged left to right

Value selection

Select the value level from the 5 value groups

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Vita-3D Step 1
Determine the lightness level (value) Hold shade guide to patients mouth at arms length Start with darkest group moving right to left Select Value group 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5

3 chroma levels (1-3) in each value group, arranged top to bottom

Vita-3D Step 2
Select the chroma From your selected Value group, remove the middle tab (M) and spread the samples out like a fan Select one of the three shade samples to determine chroma

Chroma selection

Select the chroma level from the 3 available levels

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(up to) 3 hue levels (L,M,R) for each chroma level, arranged left to right

Vita-3D Step 3
Determine the hue Check whether the natural tooth is more yellowish or more reddish than the shade sample selected

Hue selection

Select the hue level from the (L,M,R)

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Vita-3D Step 4
For more precise shade, intermediate levels for value, and chroma, and hue can be given
2.5M2 = value between 2M2 and 3m2 3M1.5 = chroma between 3M1 and 3M2 3M2 / 3L2.5 = hue between 3M2 and 3L2.5

Vita-3D Value Modification

For more precise shade, intermediate levels for value, chroma, and hue can be given
2.5M2 = value between 2M2 and 3M2

Vita-3D Chroma Modification

For more precise shade, intermediate levels for value, chroma and hue can be given
3M1.5 = chroma between 3M1 and 3M2

Vita-3D Hue Modification

Intermediate values should be noted on the laboratory communication form For more precise shade, intermediate levels for value, chroma and hue can be given
3M2 / 3L2.5 = hue between 3M2 and 3L2.5

2.5

Extended Range Shade Guides

Most shade guides do not cover all the colors in the natural dentition Some porcelain systems extend the typical range
Bleached shades Dentin shades Custom shade guides

Bleached shades now available

0M1, 0M2, 0M3 Bleached shades occupy the leftmost (brightest) value group (group #0) on the 3D-Master guide.

Dentin Shade Guide

When using translucent all-ceramic system for a crown or veneer (FEDLSPATHIC PORCELAIN OR IPS EMPRESS), communicating the shade of the prepared dentin is very helpful to the laboratory. One system provides specifically colored die materials that match the dentin shade guide and enable the technician to better judge restoration esthetics.

Custom shade guide

It is unfortunate that certain teeth may be impossible to match commercial shade samples. The extensive use of surface staining has sever drawbacks; as it increase surface reflection and prevent light from being transmitted through porcelain. One approach to this problem is to extend the concept of commercial shade guide by making custom shade guide. Infinite number of shade samples can be made using combination of porcelain powders in varying distribution. But it is time consuming and is confined to specialty practice.

Limitations of current shade guides

Retinal fatigue Background effects Color blindness Age of the receiver

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Recent shade-communication technologies

The dental market has demonstrated in recent years a number of new devices engineered to aid us in color communication. These systems are divided in two categories :

1- Dot capture system. (Vita easyshade and Shofu shadeeye NCC) 2- Whole tooth capture systems. (X-Rite Visionscan and Cynovad shadescan)

Shofu shadeeye

Cynovad

shadescan

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Shade taking with VITA Easyshade

Procedure for determining the tooth shades of natural teeth

Clean the tooth Stop the measuring probe and press the handpiece switch Tooth shade is displayed on the Easyshade screen Check the tooth shade using the Tooth guide
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Shade distribution chart

The tooth divided into three regions (cervical, middle and incisal ).
Each region is matched independently, either to the corresponding area of a commercial shade sample or to single color porcelain chip. The junctions between these areas are normally fairly distinct and can be communicated to the laboratory in the form of diagram. Individual characteristics on such a sketch will allow the ceramist to mimic details like hairline fractures, hypocalcifcation, and proximal discoloration.

Shade distribution chart

As a tooth ages, its shade can change from:

a. Shade A3 or A3.5 to shade A2 or A1. b. Shade A2 or A1 to shade A3 or A3.5. c. Both a and b. d. Neither a nor b.

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Additive Color
These are the color obtained by emitted light Associated with television and computer displays The primary additive colors are Red, Blue and Green The secondary colors are Cyan, Yellow and Magenta When additive primary colors are combined they produce white

Complimentary Colors

Appearance of Aging
Note the indentation on the incisal edge to give the affect of wear into the dentin Note the stain applied in the incisal edge groove to simulate stained dentin Note dark cervical staining to show age Note stained craze line

Translucency is the appearance between complete opacity (like ivory) and complete transparency (like glass).
Teeth, especially incisal edges, show intense characteristics integrating the wide range of effects defined by translucency and transparency.

Figure 6 An example of documenting the 2 closest chromas.

Colour temperature is a characteristic of visible light and is a very important consideration for lighting applications. Colour temperature is normally expressed in the unit of absolute temperature, the kelvin, having the unit symbol K.

Colour temperature is used to indicate the warmth or coolness of a light source. Colour temperatures over 5000K are called Cool colours (blueish white), while lower colour temperatures (2700 3500 K) are called Warm colours (yellowish white through red).

The following is a general guide to selecting LED lamps in consideration of colour temperature (K): 2700K > Homes (Living rooms, halls, bedrooms), Restaurants, Hotels (lobbies, corridors, bedrooms), Boutiques 3000K > Offices, Work areas, Retail stores, Outdoor lighting, Bathrooms 4100K > Showrooms, Display areas, Office areas 5000K > Jewellers, Hospitals, Museums 5600K > When outdoor/daylight simulation is required

TOOTH SHADE DETERMINATION

METAMERISM A light source has 3 main characteristics: colour temperature, spectral curve, and colour rendering index. Colours that are apparently the same may be generated by different spectral curves, and may or may not appear to be the same under different lighting conditions.

TOOTH SHADE DETERMINATION

A light source has 3 main characteristics: colour temperature, spectral curve, and colour rendering index.
The colour temperature of a light source is defined in degrees Kelvin. A candle glows with a colour temperature of 2000K

At about 5000 - 5500K the colour spectrum produced is fairly balanced, and that is the colour temperature of the slightly overcast sky of "standard daylight".

Therefore a light source for shade matching should have a colour temperature of 5,500K and a CRI of at least 92.

TOOTH SHADE DETERMINATION The colour rendering index (CRI) is derived from a chromaticity diagram. The "equal energy point" is where all hues are perfectly balanced and therefore would be the perfect colour matching source. It is therefore given a maximum score of 100.
A CRI of 90 or greater is required for shade matching.

Primary & Secondary Colors

Subtractive Color
These are the colors associated with the subtraction of light Used in pigments for making paints, inks, fabrics etc. The primary subtractive colors are Red, Yellow, and Blue The secondary subtractive colors are Green, Purple and Orange

When subtractive primary colors are combined they produce black

Additive Color
These are the color obtained by emitted light Associated with television and computer displays The primary additive colors are Red, Blue and Green The secondary colors are Cyan, Yellow and Magenta When additive primary colors are combined they produce white