(C)

Learning Outcomes

Relate the arrangement of atoms in metals to their ductile and malleable properties

State the meaning of alloy

State the aims of making alloys

List examples of alloys

List the composition and properties of alloys

Relate the properties of alloys to their uses

Relate the arrangement of atoms in alloys to their strength and hardness.
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Arrangement of atoms in metals

Pure metals are made up of the same type of atoms and are of the same size. These atoms are orderly arranged. The arrangement of the atoms in metals gives the metals their ductile and malleable properties.
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Ductile Properties

The orderly arrangement of atoms in metals enables the layer of atoms to slide on one another when force is applied
Thus metals are ductile or can be stretched
4

Malleable Properties

There are some imperfections in the orderly arrangement of atoms in metals which allow some empty spaces in between atoms.
When a metal is knocked, atom slide. This is why metal are malleable or can be shaped.
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What are alloys?

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the major component is a metal.

Aim of Making Alloys

Make them
Stronger Harder More resistance to corrosion Have a better furnish and luster

Alloy
Bronze

Composition

Properties

Uses make statue or monuments, medals, swords & artistic material Make musical instruments and kitchenware Make bridges, bulidings, cars body & railway tracks Make cutlery, surgical instruments Make body of aeroplanes & bullet trains

90% Cu 10% Sn 70% Cu 30% Zn 99% Fe 1% C 74% Fe 8% C 18% Cr

hard and strong does not corrode easily has shiny surface harder than copper hard and strong shiny , strong does not rust

Brass

Steel

Stainless Steel

Duralumin

93% Al 3 % Cu 3% Mg 1% Mn
96% Sn 3% Cu 1% Sb

light and strong

Pewter

lustre, shiny and strong

Make souvenirs
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Arrangement of atoms in alloys

The presence of atoms of other metals that are of different sizes disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms in the metal. This reduces the layer of atoms from sliding causes alloy is stronger and harder than its pure metal.
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Experiment 9.2 Compare hardness of pure metal and its alloy?

Aim : To compare the hardness of pure metal and its alloy? Problem : Are alloys harder than pure metals? Hypothesis: Bronze is harder than copper Variables : (a) Manipulated : bronze and copper (b) Responding : diameter of the dent or hardness of material (c) Fixed : diameter of steel ball bearing; height of the weight; mass of the weight
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Experiment 9.2 Compare hardness of pure metal and its alloy? Apparatus : retort stand with clamp, 1kg weight, metre rule Materials : copper block, bronze block, cellophane tape, thread Apparatus Set-up:

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Experiment 9.2 Compare hardness of pure metal and its alloy? Procedure: 1. Stick a steel ball bearing onto the copper block using cellophane tape. 2. Hang 1kg weight at a height of 50cm above the ball bearing as shown. 3. Drop the weight so that it hits the ball bearing. 4. Measure the diameter of the dent made on the copper block. 5. Repeat step 1 to 4 twice on the other parts of the copper block in order to obtain an average value. 6. Repeat step 1 to 5 using bronze block to replace the copper block. 7. Record the readings in a table.
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Experiment 9.2 Compare hardness of pure metal and its alloy? Results :
Experiment
Diameter of dent on copper block (cm) Diameter of dent on bronze block (cm)

1 0.40

2 0.30

3 0.50

Average 0.40

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.33

Inferences : Bronze is harder than copper

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Experiment 9.2 Compare hardness of pure metal and its alloy?

Discussions :
1. 2.

The bronze block produces a smaller dent. The smaller the diameter of the dent, the higher is the hardness of the block

Conclusion: Alloy is harder than pure metal. Hypothesis is accepted

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Practice 9C
1.

Steel and stainless steel are two examples of iron alloys.

a) What is an alloy? b) What is the element that is added to iron to form
i.

ii.

Steel Stainless steel Pure iron steel

c)
i.

Draw the arrangement of particles in

ii.

d) Explain why stainless steel and not iron is used to make cutlery?
ANSWER
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2.

Copper is one of the metals used since ancient times.

a) Explain why copper alloys are more commonly used than its pure form? b) Name two types of copper alloys. c) Pure copper is ductile and malleable. Explain this property in terms of the arrangements of atoms.

ANSWER

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