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Coz almost metal/alloy most undergo this transformation before becoming useful objects.
Solidification involve solid-liquid phase transformation E.g casting process Solidification in welding process solidification steps nucleation-formation stable nuclei in melt Growth of nuclei into crystal Formation of grain structure
a) Nucleation of crystals, b) crystal growth, c) irregular grains form as crystals grow together, d) grain boundaries as seen in a microscope.
small roughly equiaxed grains nucleation occurs from vary many site along mold wall fine grain structure
Columnar Zone
consist dendrites structure Some of the dendrites oriented perpendicular to wall/dendrite axes at an angle to the mold
Equiaxed
zone
Within the liquid at the center there are generally many small equiaxed grains suspended throughout
As freezing continues, these small grains begin crowd together and finally block the inward motion of columnar grains
most metal are combined to form alloy in order to impart specific characteristic The addition of impurity atoms to a metal will result in the formation of a solid solution A solid solution is a solid-state solution of one or more solutes in a solvent.
Such a mixture is considered a solution rather than a compound when the crystal structure of the solvent remains unchanged by addition of the solutes, and when the mixture remains in a single homogeneous phase.
Solute
Element / compound that is present in the greatest amount a.k.a host atoms Characteristic of solid solution
Solvent
1. Form when solute atoms are added to the host material. 2. Crystal structure is maintained 3. No new structure formed 4. Compositionally homogeneous
Atomic size factors The difference in atomic radii between two atom is less than about 15% Crystal structure same crystal structures
Electronegativity-
Ag-Au
FCC 1 FCC 1
substitional
complete
Cu-Ni
substitional
complete
Cu-Zn
substitional
Not complete
2.
Solution when 2 components combine to form a single phase Solubility Degree to which the two components mix Solubility limit The max. concentration of solute that may be added w/o forming a new phase
Phase
A homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical characteristic
single-phase system homogeneous system Systems composed of two /more phases mixture/heterogeneous system
AluminumCopper Alloy
Phase diagrams
A graphical representation of the relationship between environmental constraints (e.g temperature and sometimes pressure), composition and regions of phase stability, ordinarily under condition equilibrium Example of Phase D. (binary)
3 types of Phase D.
Unary Binary Ternary
Binary Phase D.
Cu and Ni are completely soluble Zinc has limited solubility in copper Sn has limited solubility in Pb Pb insoluble in copper
Isomorphous coz; Complete liquid & solid solubility Only one solid phase forms Same crystal structure. 3 diff. phase fields/ regions Liquid phase homogeneous liq. Solution (Cu + Ni) Two phase + L phase substitutional s. solution (consists both Cu-Ni)
S WL R S R W R S
43 35 73wt % 43 32
= 27wt%
, = solid solution
ae, be = liquidus
L+
c e
L + +
cf, dg = solvus
Solvus cf denotes the solubility limit of B in A Solvus dg shows the solubility limit of A in B
Determination of phase and phase composition: Same as in Binary isomorphous system and eutectic no solid solution
L+
L +
+
B
e
solid A + solid B
Point e = eutectic point the lowest temp. at which a liq. solution can exist. Determination of phase and phase composition: Same as in Binary isomorphous system and eutectic limited solid solution Determination of weight fraction of phase
Liq. Solution (L) c P
L+ solid B
solid A + solid B
express the r/ship between no. of phases present and the no of externally controllable variables
P = no of phase present f = no. of degrees of freedom (state variables : temp, pressure & composition) c = no. of components n= no. of noncompositional variables
P+f=c+2
F=2
A
Temp
different composition will give diff. cooling curves For pure metal., the cooling curves show horizontal thermal arrest at their freezes points The slope changes at L1-S1 etc, are corespond to the liquidus and solidus.
Freezing zone
L1 S1
L1 S1
b)
3 phases co-exist in Exist only at one temperature / fixed temp. Composition for 3 phases co-exist is fixed at the point.
(s.s)
(s.s)
Eutectiod transformation +
(s.s)
(s.s)
(s.s)
+
(s.s)
(s.s)
System: Cu-Zn
(s.s)
+
(s.s)
(s.s)
l + (liq) (s.s)
System U-Mn
System Cu-Pb
Syntectic reaction l1 + l 2
(liq.) (liq)
(s.s)
Microstructure/microconstituent
Cementite (Fe3C) Form 1. Below 727oC, when solubility limit of carbon in ferrite is exceeded 2. Between 1147oC and 727oC when solubility limit of carbon in is exceeded
Crystal structure: orthorhombic Characteristics: hard and brittle, tensile strength , compressive strength
The addition of third element e.g Si, Co, Al promotes graphitization Fe3C has a greater solubility in and than has graphite
Reaction : L
+ Fe3C + Fe3C
Unstable below 727oC Maximum solubility of carbon in austenite, 2.14wt% at 1147oC Carbon solubility higher than in ferrite FCC structure FCC structure interstitial position larger than BCC. Interstitial larger , lower strains imposed on surrounding iron atoms , higher carbon solubility
Nonmagnetic Properties: highest tensile strength, moderate elongation and hardness properties.
Ferrite, iron
ferrite virtually = as ferrite except, stable at relatively high T. T range between 1394oC until Tm for pure iron Lower solubility of carbon in iron
Pearlite ( + Fe3C)
two-phase microstructure from transformation of austenite of eutectoid composition of alternating layer (lamellae) intermediate mechanical properties between & Fe3C
Resulted
Consists
PEARLITE MORPHOLOGY
Two cases:
Ttransf just below TE
--Larger T: diffusion is faster --Pearlite is coarser.
Microstructure change
occurs either in cooling or heating process factors that influence the microstructure formation : crystal structure, physical & chemical properties, composition, processing (cooling rate, heat treatment)
2.
3.
At temperature _____ m/structure of is exist Further cooling process to the 727oC at eutectoid temperature or just below the Te, it will form a pearlite m/structure only pearlite for at composition eutectoid.
Often termed colonies ( coz they form colony layers that oriented in essentially the same direction) Dif. colony dif. oriented direction
Explanation
1.
At ____ , point __, the microstructure will consist entirely of grains of phases.
2.
In cooling to point___, at temp __, which is within + phase region, small will form along the original grain boundaries. (composition changes)
At point ___, just above the eutectoid, particles will have grown larger. (composition) As temp. lower, just below the eutectoid to point____, all phase that was present at temperature Te will transform to pearlite Below Te, m/structure phase present as a continuous matrix phase surrounding the isolated pearlite colonies
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ferrite present in pearlite (eutectoid ferrite) and proeutectoid (pre/before eutectoid) ferrite.
2.
3.