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Energy Transfers
Edexcel IGCSE Physics pages 127 to 132
All content applies for Triple & Double Science November 9th 2012
Edexcel Specification
Section 4: Energy resources and energy transfer b) Energy transfer describe energy transfers involving the following forms of energy: thermal (heat), light, electrical, sound, kinetic, chemical, nuclear and potential (elastic and gravitational) understand that energy is conserved know and use the relationship: efficiency = useful energy output / total energy input describe a variety of everyday and scientific devices and situations, explaining the fate of the input energy in terms of the above relationship, including their representation by Sankey diagrams
Energy
Energy is required to do work. Fuels are burnt to release energy The Sun is the ultimate source of most of our energy on Earth.
Forms of energy
Energy can exist in many forms.
1. THERMAL or HEAT ENERGY This is the energy of an object due to its temperature.
6. CHEMICAL ENERGY This is energy that is released when chemical reactions take place. Sources of chemical energy include: fuel, food and batteries. 7. NUCLEAR ENERGY This is energy that is released when nuclear reactions take place. This is the source of the Suns energy.
8. POTENTIAL ENERGY This is the energy possessed by an object due to its position. Gravitational Potential Energy The gravitational potential energy of an object increases if it is raised upwards.
Elastic Potential Energy This is the energy stored in a stretched or squashed object - also known as strain energy
Energy measurement
Energy is measured in joules (J) To lift an apple upwards by one metre requires about one joule of energy. 1 kilojoule (kJ) = 1 000 J 1 megajoule (MJ) = 1 000 000 J
15 000 000 000 000 Energy received by the Earth from the Sun in one day 000 000 000 J
Conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another form.
Conservation of energy also means that the total energy in the universe stays constant.
Pendulum oscillation
GRAVITATIOINAL POTENTIAL ENERGY MAXIMUM MINIMUM
The total energy, gravitational potential plus kinetic, remains the same if there are no significant resistive forces
This is usually in the form of heat energy causing the energy changing device and its surroundings to become warmer. It is very difficult to concentrate this energy again to make use of it.
Energy efficiency
Energy efficiency is a measure of how usefully energy is converted by a device.
efficiency =
As the useful energy output can never be greater than the energy input the efficiency can never be greater than 1.0
Question 1
Calculate the efficiency of an electric motor if it produces 48J of useful kinetic energy when supplied with 80J of electrical energy.
efficiency =
Question 2
Calculate the useful light output of a light bulb of efficiency 0.20 when it is of an electric motor if it supplied with 400J of electrical energy.
efficiency =
0.20 = useful energy 400J useful energy = 0.20 x 400J light output = 80J
Percentage efficiency
percentage efficiency = efficiency x 100 The greater the percentage of the energy that is usefully transformed in a device, the more efficient the device is. The maximum percentage efficiency is 100%
Question
Calculate the percentage efficiency of a light bulb if it produces 30J of light when supplied with 240J of electrical energy.
efficiency =
Complete Answers
Input energy (J) Useful energy (J) Wasted energy (J) Efficiency Percentage efficiency
100
250
40
200
60 50
0.40
0.80
40%
80%
50
80 120
10
24 60
40
56 60
0.20
0.30 0.50
20%
30% 50%
Improving efficiency
Decrease loss to heat by:
Reducing friction by using a lubricant (eg oil). Reducing electrical resistance in electrical circuits. Reducing air resistance by using streamlined shapes.
electrical energy
light bulb
heat energy
light energy
Microphone
sound energy electrical energy
microphone
heat energy
Car engine
chemical energy kinetic energy
car engine
heat & sound energy
Photosynthesis
light energy chemical energy
plants
heat energy
Falling object
Candle
kinetic
light
Generator
electrical
Sankey Diagrams
These are energy flow diagrams that show how well a device uses energy. The width of the flow arrows is proportional to the amount of energy Wasted energy is shown flowing downwards.
WASTED OUTPUT
INPUT
Device
USEFUL OUTPUT
Question
Draw a Sankey diagram for car of efficiency 20%
CHEMICAL ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY
CAR
HEAT & SOUND ENERGY The kinetic energy arrow should be 1/5th the width of the chemical energy arrow. The heat & sound arrow should be 4/5th the width of the chemical energy arrow.
joules (J) Energy is measured in ________ destroyed Energy cannot be created or ___________ but can only form change ________.
moving Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by __________ bodies.
Online Simulations
Energy Conservation - 'Whys Guy' Video Clip (4:40 mins) - Includes Bowling Ball Pendulum Demonstration Sequential Puzzle on Energy Size - by KT - Microsoft WORD Hidden Pairs Game on Energy Transfers - by KT - Microsoft WORD Energy conversions & efficiency calculations - eChalk Energy transfer bounce quizes - eChalk BBC AQA GCSE Bitesize Revision: Forms of energy Energy transfer- includes Sankey diagram Efficiency- includes Sankey diagrams BBC KS3 Bitesize Revision: Energy basics - Forms of energy Energy transfer diagrams - includes Sankey diagram
Energy Transfers
Notes questions from pages 127 to 132
1. 2. (a) What is energy? (b) State the unit of energy. (see page 127) Give examples of the following energy changes: (a) electrical to light; (b) kinetic to sound; (c) nuclear to light; (d) chemical to gravitational potential; (e) elastic potential to thermal. (see pages 128 and 129) State the law of conservation of energy and give an example (see pages 129 and 130) Sketch a Sankey diagram showing the energy flow in an electric light bulb. (see pages 130 and 131) Define (a) efficiency; (b) percentage efficiency. Calculate both of these for an electric motor that uses 120J of electrical energy to output 90J of kinetic energy. (see page 131) Answer the questions on page 132. Verify that you can do all of the items listed in the end of chapter checklist on page 132.
3. 4. 5.
6. 7.