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Lesson 20 AS PE Anatomy & Physiology

James Barraclough The Vascular System

Starter

Aims: Vascular System


Objectives: ALL learners will be able to understand: Blood (functions/viscosity/vessels) Circulatory system Venous return mechanism

Blood supports functioning of body Blood vessels ensure sufficient blood & O reaches bodys tissues/muscles Consists of cells & cell fragments surrounded by liquid called PLASMA Average male has 5 6l Average female has 4 5l

The Vascular (Circulation) System

Activity 1

In pairs produce PowerPoint presentation on following using key words as guidance: Khalifa & Aidan: functions of blood; blood viscosity & double circulatory system
Transportation, protection, homeostasis Resistance, training Pulmonary & systemic circulation

Joe & Lamiko: blood vessels

Robin & Ali: venous return mechanism

Arteries/arterioles, veins/venules, capillaries, vasoconstriction/dilation, pre-capillary sphincters Muscle pump, pocket valves, respiratory pump, smooth muscle, gravity

Functions of Blood

Transporting nutrients e.g. Glucose (from liver to muscles) & O Protection & fighting disease through interaction with lymphatic system (contains cells/chemicals vital to immune system) Blood clots when blood vessel damage occurs preventing cell loss Maintains HOMEOSTASIS including temperature regulation (transports heat to bodys surface) & maintaining pH balance Removes metabolites e.g. CO from muscles to lungs & lactic acid from muscles to liver Transports enzymes, hormones & other chemicals (e.g. Drugs) ALL ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT DURING EXERCISE

More viscous = more resistant to flow More red blood cells = more capacity to transport O BUT unless plasma is increased, viscosity may also increase restricting blood flow Viscosity may also increase if plasma content decreases due to dehydration Training = increase in total blood volume blood plasma increases > blood cell volume = decrease in blood viscosity Therefore blood flow through vessels improved as is O delivery to working muscles

Blood Viscosity (Thickness)

Double Circulatory System


Blood flows through continuous network of blood vessels forming double circuit Connects heart to lungs & heart to all other body tissues Pulmonary circulation transports blood between lungs & heart

Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from RV to lungs where it is re-oxygenated & unloads CO
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back to LA of heart through pulmonary vein

Double Circulatory System


Blood returning to LA, pumped to LV & aorta then bodys tissues through network of arteries Veins return deoxygenated blood (now containing CO) to RA through venae cavae
= SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

Blood Vessels
Vascular network through which blood flows to all parts of body comprises: Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Veins Venules

Arteries & Arterioles


Arteries - high pressure vessels carrying blood from heart to tissues Largest artery is aorta (main artery leaving heart) Aorta constantly subdivides & gets smaller Constant subdivision decreases diameter of vessel arteries, now become arterioles

Structure of Arteries
Arteries composed of 3 layers of tissue: 1 Outer fibrous layer tunica adventitia or tunica externa 2 Thick middle layer tunica media 3 Thin lining of cells to inside endothelium or tunica intima

Tunica media comprised of smooth muscle & elastic tissue, enables arteries & arterioles to alter diameter (stretch) Arteries tend to have more elastic tissue; arterioles have greater amounts of smooth muscle; allows vessels to increase diameter through vasodilation or decrease diameter through vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction & vasodilation mean vessels can regulate BP & ensure tissues receiving sufficient blood particularly during exercise

Arteries & arterioles: 3 basic functions


Conduits carrying/controlling blood flow to tissues 2. Cushion & smooth out pulsate flow of blood from heart 3. Help control BP
1.

Veins & Venules


Veins low pressure vessels returning blood to heart Structure similar to arteries, although possess less smooth muscle & elastic tissue Venules are smallest veins & transport blood away from capillary bed into veins Veins gradually increase in thickness nearer to heart they get, until they reach largest vein in body - venae cavae (enters RA)

Veins & Venules


Thinner walls of veins often distend & allow blood to pool in them Also allowed to happen as veins contain pocket valves which close intermittently to prevent back flow of blood Explains why up to 70% of total blood volume found in venous system at any time

Capillaries

Capillaries are functional units of vascular system Composed of single layer of endothelial cells, just thin enough for red blood cells to squeeze through their wall Capillary network very well developed as so small Large quantities able to cover muscle, ensures efficient exchange of gases Distribution of blood through capillary network regulated by special structures known as precapillary sphincters

Venous Return Mechanism


Venous Return = blood returning to RA via veins c.70% of total blood volume in veins at rest Provides large reservoir of blood returned rapidly to heart when needed Heart can only pump as much blood as receives So cardiac output depends on venous return Rapid increase in venous return = significantly increased cardiac output (Starlings Law) Several mechanisms aid process:

Muscle pump during exercise muscular contractions impinge & compress veins squeezing blood towards heart Pocket valves inside veins prevent backflow Respiratory pump during inspiration/expiration, pressure changes occur in thoracic & abdominal cavities to compress veins & assist blood return to heart

Venous Return Mechanism

Mechanisms essential at start of exercise: As exercise commences muscles contract to squeeze vast blood reserves in veins back towards heart Stroke volume increases allowing optimal delivery of nutrients to working muscles

Other factors aiding venous return: Smooth muscle in walls & surrounding veins contract & help blood move back towards heart Gravity helps blood return to heart from upper body

Recap Activity

In same pairs write 5 quiz questions to ask classmates on YOUR topics

Mind Map

Homework

Next Lesson

Blood pressure

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