PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J.

Sullivan, Marist College

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Presented By:- Nitin Kerai B.Sc+M.Sc Actuarial Science

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Human Respiratory System

Figure 10.1

Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

Passageway for respiration Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material Moistens and warms incoming air Resonating chambers for voice

Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.3

Lower Respiratory Tract

Functions:
Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli

Figure 10.8A

Disorders of Respiratory System

Asthma
Emphysema Bronchitis

Asthma

ALLERGIC TYPE OF ASTHMA

it starts at age 2-6 Due to exposure to allerges: Dust Mites smoke

INTRINSIC TYPE OF ASTHMA

Develops in adulthood Most cases non allergic in nature Can be due to occupational exposure such as:-industry,clinical labs Some case its unknown

How to know?

Shortness of breath Coughing choronic,at night or early morning or after exercise or when exposed in cold

HOW TO GET IT TREATED

Relaxing using bronchodilators,inhalers

Inhaled medication preferred mostly

TESTS FOR DISORDERS

Lung function test-measures lung function CXR-see structures inside the chest Blood test-blood count

SEVERITY OF ASTHMA

Asthma classified according to severity of symptoms,attack and results from the lung function test , FEV1 and PEFR FEV1-maximal amount of air one can forcefully exhale in 1 second. If FEV1>80% of predicted value is normal PEFR(peak expiratory flow) measures how fast one can breathe out air

MILD INTERMITTENT ASTHMA

Cough,wheeze,breathing difficulties 3-4 times a week Symptoms less than 3 times a mnth at night Flare-ups-brief Lung function test >=80% of normal values Responses good to low dose inhalers No time taken off work

UNDERWRITING CONSIDERATION

Medical history Questonnaire from life assured or treating physician to classify the severity of cond. Historical info required: Freq and severity of attacks Any trigger for symptoms Treatments(any long therapy)

UNDERWRITING CONSIDERATION

Hospitalization Aspect of job or environ. Increase the condition Habits of smoking Time off work Limitation of functional capacity

UNDERWRITING CONSIDERATION
Obtain test done in the past such as CXR, Blood test etc.

Mild asthma-negligible mortality risk

Moderate & severe asthma-depends on the above info. loading charged or declined.

BRONCHITIS

When mucous membranes of bronchial passage became inflamed/swell.

Inflamed membrane swell and grow thicker resulting in narrowing of and closing airways in lungs.
Coughing and breathlessness

ACUTE BRONCHITIS

Caused by lung infection.mostly due to viruses Repeated attack of acute bronchitis will weaken bronchial airways can result into Chronic Bronchitis

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

Chronic cough and sputum production for atleast 3 months for 2 consecutive years without cause of cough being known Primary cause due to heavy smoking which irritates the bronchial tubes and cause excess mucus production

UNDERWRITING CONSIDERARION
Respiratory questionnaire by Life assured or treating physician consisting of :1) Frequency and severity of attacks 2) Any trigger for symptoms 3) Treatments(past and present).any long therapy 4) Hospitalization 5) occupation

UNDERWRITING CONSIDERARION
6) 7) 8)

Smoking habits Times off work taken Limit of exercise tolerance Obtain test done in past for the condition including PFT, CXR, Blood tests

UNDERWRITING CONSIDERARION

Occasional attacks of Acute Bronchitis which resolve with treatment attract no ratings. Chronic Bronchitis-the term vary from mild rating for non smokers and may lead to declinature for smokers