Wahana dan Sensor Penginderaan Jauh

Mega L. Syamsuddin, Ph.D

Remote sensing 2013

Sub pokok bahasan

Wahana & sensor penginderaan jauh Satelit penginderaan jauh

Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus: Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan wahana dan sensor yang digunakan dalam sistem penginderaan jauh

PLATFORM & SENSOR

Sensor adalah alat yang merekam dan mengukur energi elektromagnetik. Sensor di pasang pada wahana (Platform) dan letaknya jauh dari obyek yang diindera.
Satellite image example:
Platform: Landsat (1, 5, 7 etc..)

Sensor: Multispectral Sensor (MSS) or Thematic Mapper (TM)

ORBIT

Geostationary orbit

Polar orbit

Ascending and Descending passes

Geostationary orbit
Lintasan Barat-timur

Polar orbit
Utara-selatan

Inklinasi
Altitude Liputan Sifat

0, di bidang ekuator
36000 km Tetap pada posisi tertentu Geosynchronous (sinkron thd bumi)

90 (+)&(-)
600-1500 km Timur ke barat Sunsynchronous (sinkron thd matahari)

Geostationary
-Weather images: GOES (Geostat. Operational Env. Satellite)

Sun-synchronous

Sensor

1. Sensor Aktif: terdiri dari radiometer yang dilengkapi dengan alat pemancar (u memancarkan gelombang mikro), alat perekam dan monitor; dikembangkan untuk menghilangkan kesalahan citra yang diakibatkan oleh awan dan kabut. 2.Sensor Pasif: dilengkapi dengan alat perekam dan monitor. Sensor ditempatkan di satelit yang secara alami dapat merekam gelombang pantul dan atau hambur dari objek.

ITC, 1999

Sensor groups
Multi-spectral sensors record bands in multiple wavelengths: Visible Near IR Mid IR Thermal Microwave

And at different spatial resolutions: Low Medium High Very high

Satellite remote sensing systems

NASA Visible Earth:

Wim Bakker's website http://members.home.nl/wim.h.bakker

LANDSAT

Swath Width: Repeat Cycle Orbit Altitude:

185 km 16 days 705 km

Equatorial Crossing: at around 10 a.m. local solar time

USA, 1999

Spectral Bands of Landsat-7

Band 1 (Blue) 2 (Green) 3 (Red) 4 (Near IR) 5 (Mid IR) 6 (Thermal IR) 7 (Mid IR) Panchromatic Spectral Range (mm) .450- .515 .525- .605 .630- .690 .750- .900 1.55- 1.75 10.4- 12.5 2.09- 2.35 .520-.900 Ground Resolution 30 30 30 30 30 60 30 15

SPOT
Systeme Pour Terre (France) lObservation de la

SPOT-5 (2002) Swath Width: Repeat Cycle Orbit Altitude: 60 km 26 days 832 km Spatial resolution (m) 20 10 and 20 20 20

Band (m)

Spectral range (m) .500 - .590 .610 - .680 .790 - .890 1.58 - 1.75

B1 (Green) B2 (Red) B3 (Near IR) SWIR (MIR)

Summary table: Landsat TM versus SPOT HRV (1980s)

LANDSAT TM
Launch Altitude 1982 / 1984 705 km

SPOT HRV
1986 832 km

Attitude (polar)
Equatorial time Swath width Repeat coverage Sensor Number of detectors Advantages Bands

8.2 degrees
10 am 185km 16 days Thematic Mapper (TM) 100 #bands, swath size 7

8.7 degrees
10.30 am 60km 26 days High Resolution Visible (HRV) 6000/3000 higher resolution, #'looks' 1+3

IKONOS

Repeat Cycle Orbit Altitude:

1-3 days 681 km USA, September 1999

Band (m) 1 (Blue) 2 (Green) 3 (Red) 4 NIR Pan (VNIR)

Spectral range (m) 0.45-0.52 0.51-0.60 0.63-0.70 0.76-0.85 0.45-0.90

Spatial resolution (m) 4 4 4 4 1

Quickbird

SPOT-5 (2002) Swath Width: Repeat Cycle Orbit Altitude: Sensor 16 km 1-4 days 450 km

USA, 2001
Spatial resolution (m) 15 15 15 3

Spectral range (m) 0.45-0.49 0.61-0.68 0.79-0.89 0.45-0.80

EBM (Blue) EBM (Red) EBM (NIR) EBP (VNIR)

GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites)

The GOES series of satellites is the primary weather observation platform for the United States. The latest generation, GOES I-M, represent an advance in data products for weather forecasting and storm warnings over the previous series of geostationary satellites. GOES I-M is a 3-axis stabilized system vs. the older spin-scan system, providing more accurate geo-location of earth images.

METEOSAT

Europe's geostationary weather observation satellite Meteosat was launched in November 1993. The 4 channel, 3-spectral-band high resolution radiometer constitutes the main payload on board Meteosat. The radiometer scans in 3 spectral bands: Visible, Infrared, and Water Vapor. The instrument allows continuous imaging of the Earth with images sent every half-hour.

RADARSAT
Canadian Space Agency SAR Characteristics Frequency / Wavelength RF Bandwidth Transmitter Power (peak) Transmitter Power (average) Maximum Data Rate 105 Mb/s (R/T) Antenna Size Antenna Polarization Orbit Characteristics Altitude Inclination Period Ascending node Sun-synchronous 5.3GHz/C-band 5.6 cm 11.6, 17.3 or 30.0 Mhz 5 kW 300 W 85 Mb/s (recorded) 15m x 1.5m HH 793-821 kilometres 98.6 degrees 101 minutes 18:00 hours 14 orbits per day

Coverage Access Using Maximum Swath Width North of 70 degrees N Daily North of 48 degrees N Every 4 days The Whole Earth Every 6 days

Japanese Satellite and Earth Observation System

JERS-1 (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite)
1. Objective: Gather data on global land masses while conducting

observation for land surveys, agricultural-forestry-fisheries,

environmental protection, disaster prevention and coastal surveillance, with emphasis on locating natural resources. 2. Operation Time : 1992 - 1998 3. Sensors: SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) which is an active microwave sensor OPS (Optical Sensor) that measures light reflected from the earth's surface infrared light. ranging from visible light to short-wave

 ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite)

1. Goal:

Monitoring global environmental changes such as maritime meteorological conditions, atmospheric ozone, and gases that promote global warming 2. Operation Time : August 1996 - June 1997 3. Sensors: AVNIR (Advanced Visible Near Infrared Radiometer) OCTS (Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner) NSCAT (NASA Scatterometer) TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) POLDER (Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectance)

OCTS (Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner) MOS (Marine Observation Satellite MOS-1 / MOS-1b)