Fuzzy Based Landslide Prediction using Wireless Sensor Networks

Mohamed Shahim P.I. Guide: Prof. U.B. Desai Spann-Lab, IIT Bombay

Introduction

Methods for modeling Uncertainties - Probability - Fuzzy Logic - Fuzzy Inference systems Advantages of Fuzzy: - Easy to model - More easy to change the behavior of the system, by changing the rules. - Less computations compared to hypothesis testing methods

Fuzzy logic

Fuzzy Sets:

Fuzzy operaters. Eg: AND - A B ( x) min( A ( x), B ( x)) Fuzzy if-then rules if (i/p1 is X) then (o/p1 is Z)
antecedent consequent

Fuzzy Inference System

I/P Fuzzifier Rule Evaluator Aggreg ators
De-Fuzzifier

O/P

Fuzzification: Real values of the input into membership values in appropriate Linguistic variables. Rule base evaluation: Each of the rules is evaluated to get an output modified fuzzy set Aggregation: All the output fuzzy sets are combined to form a single set using max rule Defuzzification: Combined output fuzzy set is converted to a number. E.g.. Centroid calculation

FIS information flow

Fuzzy system model

In our case, input is strain values from the sensors It is divided into 3 linguistic variables as shown below Output Hazard is also divided into 3 variables

Strain (input) Low Medium High

Hazard-Output Low Medium High

Input membership functions

Stress-Strain Characteristics

Output membership functions

Rule base
A total of 81 rules for 4 node setup
Strain1 LOW LOW LOW Strain2 LOW LOW LOW Strain3 LOW LOW MEDIUM Strain4 LOW HIGH Hazard LOW MEDIUM

MEDIUM MEDIUM

..
HIGH

..
HIGH

..
HIGH

..
HIGH

..
HIGH

Simulations:

Setup consists of 4 nodes and 1 Base Station (BS). At the BS, FIS calculates output hazard level. Simulated using MATLAB Fuzzy Toolbox
Strain2 0.0 0.0 Strain3 0.0 0.0 Strain4 0.0 1.5 Hazard 1.7766(low) 5.0(Medium)

Strain1 0.0 0.0

0.0

0.0

0.9

0.9

4.85 (Medium)

..
1.5

..
1.5

..
1.5

..
1.5

..
8.2234(High)

ROC:

ROC gives the noise performance of the system The data generated using the VMGP model is used as input. Output hazard varies from 0 to 10. It is converted to 2 outputs, Landslide and No Landslide, using a simple threshold. The threshold is varied to plot the entire ROC.

(Input Strain + Noise) vs Time

Output Hazard vs Time

ROC: comparing Fuzzy & CVBD for SNRs 10 dB, 20 dB, 30 dB.

Previous system uses space correlation, as can be seen in the rules. Use of time correlation also helps in removing wrong predictions. One simple method is to remove outliers in output Hazard by averaging.

1 k 1 Hazard (t ) Hazard (t i ) k i 0

ROC after Averaging the o/p Hazard

Issues:

The region will be already in a stressed state. A strain gauge can only measure further change. Difficult to calculate whether rock has reached 70% of breaking stress. Heterogeneity of rocks in the Landslide prone region. - This makes fixing of the threshold a difficult task. Performance variation of strain gauges with respect to temperature. - Use of Temperature compensation circuits for interfacing

Effect of Orientation of strain gauge on measured stress. - Strain Gauge Rosette: measures greatest strain at a Point.
Noise in Measured Strain

Future Work:

Use of FLAC3d software for simulating a slope failure Extending a single cluster to a bigger network to form a Distributed sensor network Safety Factor Distance between motes can be used for detection movement in a slope. Helps in detecting rock movement Distance can be measured using Received power (RSSI).

References

Wang Y.,T.Y. Yu and D. Andra, Tornado detection using a neuro-fuzzy method,( Albuquerque), 32nd Conference on Radar Meteorology, NM. American Meteorology Society, October 2005 T. Ross, Fuzzy logic with Engineering Applications. Hightstown, NJ :McGraw-Hill, 1995 The Math works Inc. Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Users Guide H.B. Wang and R. Xu, Slope stability evaluation using back propagation neural networks, Engineering Geology, vol.80, pp. 302-315, June 2005. FLAC3d Home Page, 2002. http://www.itascacg.com/flac3d.html